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Benda logam
tertua yang ditemukan di Timur Tengah
Penusuk
tembaga, benda logam tertua yang ditemukan untuk tanggal di Timur Tengah, telah
ditemukan selama penggalian di Tel Tsaf. Penusuk tanggal kembali ke akhir
Milenium ke-6 atau awal milenium ke-5 SM, bergerak kembali dengan beberapa
ratus tahun tanggal sebelumnya diperkirakan bahwa bangsa-bangsa daerah mulai
menggunakan logam.......................
Oldest metal object found to date in Middle East
Date:
August 21,
2014
Source:
University of Haifa
Summary:
A copper awl, the oldest metal
object found to date in the Middle East, has been discovered during the
excavations at Tel Tsaf. The awl dates back to the late 6th millennium or the
early 5th millennium BCE, moving back by several hundred years the date it was
previously thought that the peoples of the region began to use metals
.............................
A copper awl, the oldest metal object found to date in the
Middle East, was discovered during the excavations at Tel Tsaf, according to a
recent study published by researchers from the Zinman Institute of Archaeology
and the Department of archaeology at the University of Haifa , in conjunction
with researchers from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the German
Archaeological Institute of Berlin. According to the study, which appeared in
the journal PLoS ONE, the awl dates back to the
late 6th millennium or the early 5th millennium BCE, moving back by several
hundred years the date it was previously thought that the peoples of the region
began to use metals.
Tel Tsaf, a
Middle Chalcolithic village dated to about 5200-4600 BCE, is located near the
Jordan River and the international border with Jordan. The site was first
documented in the 1950s and excavations there began at the end of the 1970s.
From the earliest digs nearly 40 years ago, this area, the most important
archeological site in the region dated to this period, has been supplying researchers
with a great deal of valuable data, and continues to do so during this latest
research project led by Dr. Danny Rosenberg of the University of Haifa in
conjunction with Dr. Florian Klimscha of the Eurasia Department of the German
Archaeological Institute in Berlin. For example, the researchers learned of the
community's great wealth and the long-distance commercial ties it maintained
from the large buildings made of mud-bricks and the large number of silos in
which wheat and barley were stored on an unprecedented scale. There were many
roasting ovens in the courtyards, all filled with burnt animal bones testifying
to the holding of large events and many other findings, among them items made
of obsidian (a volcanic glass with origins in Anatolia or Armenia), shells from
the Nile River in Egypt and other areas around the Mediterranean, figurines of
people and animals, and pottery unlike that found in almost any other location
in the region.
But the most
important finding to date is only 4 centimeters long. This unique item, a
copper awl, which is 1 millimeter thick at the tip that was set in a wooden
handle, was actually found during a previous excavation at the site by Prof.
Yosef Garfinkel of the Hebrew University. The cone-shaped awl was found in a sealed
grave of a woman about 40 years old that was dug inside a silo, and around her
waist was a belt made of 1,668 ostrich-egg shell beads. The grave was covered
with several large stones, and according to Dr. Rosenberg, its location within
a silo testifies to both the importance of the deceased and the importance the
community ascribed to the facility in which she was buried.
But while
the grave, the woman's skeleton, and the beaded belt were all previously
reported in scientific journals, the little awl was only reported on recently,
after its chemical components were analyzed by Prof. Sariel Shalev of the
Department of Archaeology at the University of Haifa's. As noted, the awl was
found to made of copper, and according to Dr. Rosenberg, the fact that it was
found just above the skeleton ad in a sealed grave, meant that it was buried
with the woman, apparently as a burial offering, and may have belonged to her.
This
artifact is important because until now, researchers believed that area
residents began to use metals only in the Late Chalcolithic period (during the
second half of the 5th millennium BCE, so that this finding moves back the
appearance of metal in our region by several hundred years. This has
significant impact on our understanding of the developing use of complex
technologies and the related social contexts.
But this is
not the only reason the awl is significant. The chemical examination of the
metal shows it may have come from the Caucasus, some 1,000 kilometers from Tel
Tsaf. According to Dr. Rosenberg, while the long-distance commercial ties
maintained by village communities in our region were already known from even
earlier periods, the import of a new technology combined with the processing of
a new raw material coming from such a distant location is unique to Tel Tsaf
and provides additional evidence of the importance of this site in the ancient
world.
The
researchers are still not sure what the awl was used for, but the early use of
a metal object, as well as its distant source, also testify to the high social
status of the woman and the importance of the building she was buried in.
"The
appearance of the item in a woman's grave, which represents one of the most
elaborate burials we've seen in our region from that era, testifies to both the
importance of the awl and the importance of the woman, and it's possible that
we are seeing here the first indications of social hierarchy and
complexity," said Dr. Rosenberg. "However, in this area far more is
unknown than is known, and although the discovery of the awl at Tel Tsaf
constitutes evidence of a peak of technological development among the peoples
of the region and is a discovery of global importance, there's a lot of
progress still to be made and many parts of the wider picture are still unknown
to us."
"It
seems that at least some of the questions raised by this unique item will be
answered by an interdisciplinary research project we have been conducting at
the site since last year," Dr. Rosenberg continued. "This project
integrates multinational archeologists and researchers from a variety of other
scientific disciplines, who will address the even more complex questions that
will undoubtedly arise."
Story
Source:
The above
story is based on materials provided by University of Haifa. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.
Journal
Reference:
- Yosef Garfinkel, Florian Klimscha, Sariel Shalev, Danny Rosenberg. The Beginning of Metallurgy in the Southern Levant: A Late 6th Millennium CalBC Copper Awl from Tel Tsaf, Israel. PLoS ONE, 2014; 9 (3): e92591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092591