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DNA sheds light pada Mengapa lemur
terbesar menghilang
DNA dari lemur raksasa yang hidup ribuan tahun yang lalu di Madagaskar dapat membantu menjelaskan mengapa punah, dan apa yang membuat beberapa lemur lebih beresiko hari ini. ........bahwa manusia memainkan peranan dalam kematian lemur raksasa........ Dengan membandingkan spesies yang mati ........, ilmuwan berharap untuk lebih memprediksi lemur mana paling membutuhkan perlindungan di masa depan.
........................
DNA
sheds light on why largest lemurs disappeared: Giant lemurs' demise linked to
size, low numbers
Date:
December 16,
2014
Source:
Duke
University
Summary:
DNA from
giant lemurs that lived thousands of years ago in Madagascar may help explain
why the animals went extinct, and what makes some lemurs more at risk today.
Scientists have little doubt that humans played a role in the giant lemurs'
demise. By comparing the species that died out to those that survived,
scientists hope to better predict which lemurs are most in need of protection
in the future.
.......................
ancient DNA extracted
from the bones and teeth of giant lemurs that lived thousands of years ago in
Madagascar may help explain why the giant lemurs went extinct. It also explains
what factors make some surviving species more at risk today, says a study in
the Journal of Human Evolution.
Most scientists agree that humans played a role in the giant lemurs' demise
by hunting them for food and forcing them out of habitats. But an analysis of
their DNA suggests that the largest lemurs were more prone to extinction than
smaller-bodied species because of their smaller population sizes, according to
this team of American and Malagasy researchers.
By comparing the species that died out to those that survived, scientists
hope to better predict which lemurs are most in need of protection in the
future.
The African island of Madagascar has long been known as a treasure trove of
unusual creatures. More than 80 percent of the island's plants and animals are
found nowhere else. But not long ago, fossil evidence shows there were even
more species on the island than there are today. Before humans arrived on the
island some 2,000 years ago, Madagascar was home to 10-foot-tall elephant
birds, pygmy hippos, monstrous tortoises, a horned crocodile, and at least 17
species of lemurs that are no longer living -- some of which tipped the scales
at 350 pounds, as large as a male gorilla.
Using genetic material extracted from lemur bones and teeth dating back 550
to 5,600 years, an international team of researchers analyzed DNA from as many
as 23 individuals from each of five extinct lemur species that died out after
human arrival. They looked at a giant ruffed lemur, a baboon lemur, a koala
lemur and two sloth lemurs -- all housed in the collections at the University
of Antananarivo and the Duke Lemur Center at Duke University. The study also
included genetic data from eight extant species, including the three largest
lemur species still alive today.
The researchers found that the species that died out had lower genetic
diversity than the ones that survived -- a hallmark of small population size.
The results aren't entirely surprising, said George Perry, a scientist from
Penn State University who was part of the research team. "Larger-bodied
species often need larger territories and are fewer in number than
smaller-bodied species," he explained, so they would have been more
susceptible to extinction as hunting, logging, farming and other human
activities took their toll.
But the researchers hope that lessons learned from ancient DNA will be useful
in protecting the species that remain.
More than 70 percent of the roughly 100 lemur species living today are now
considered endangered or critically endangered by the International Union for
the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), making them the most threatened group of
mammals on Earth, according to a paper published in 2014 in Science.
The team found no link between body size and genetic diversity in lemur
species living today -- the largest of which tip the scales at about 15 pounds.
So they think that body size is less useful for establishing conservation
priorities.
For this study the researchers looked only at mitochondrial DNA, which
represents only a small portion of the DNA in each animal's cells. Their next
step is to try to sequence the DNA in the cell nucleus, where most of an
organism's genetic material is located.
"Analyzing nuclear DNA will enhance our understanding of the actual
population sizes of the lemurs before they succumbed to extinction, which will
better allow us to develop genetic 'extinction alerts' for living lemurs,"
said study co-author Anne Yoder of Duke..
"We can also start to look at genes with known roles in traits like
color vision and taste perception, to help expand our understanding of how
these animals lived," Perry said.
The research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation.
Additional support was provided by the Ahmanson Foundation, the Theodore F. and
Claire M. Hubbard Family Foundation, Conservation International, the Primate
Action Fund, the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation and the National
Geographic Society.
"This publication will hopefully be a step towards unlocking the
answers of why and how lemur diversity expanded across this large island and
why so much of it has been lost," said co-author Edward Louis of Omaha's
Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium.
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by Duke University. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Logan Kistler, Aakrosh Ratan, Laurie R.
Godfrey, Brooke E. Crowley, Cris E. Hughes, Runhua Lei, Yinqiu Cui, Mindy L.
Wood, Kathleen M. Muldoon, Haingoson Andriamialison, John J. McGraw, Lynn P.
Tomsho, Stephan C. Schuster, Webb Miller, Edward E. Louis, Anne D. Yoder, Ripan
S. Malhi, George H. Perry.Comparative and population mitogenomic analyses of
Madagascar's extinct, giant ‘subfossil’ lemurs. Journal of Human
Evolution, 2014; DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.016
