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Fosil Tengkorak  penjelasan  baru pada transisi dari air ke darat

Rekonstruksi 3 - D pertama tengkorak - leluhur 360 juta tahun dari vertebrata darat .....yang telah dibuat . 3 - D tengkorak , yang berbeda dari  rekonstruksi 2 – D sebelumnya  , menunjukkan makhluk tersebut ,  menjalani kehidupan mereka terutama dalam lingkungan air dangkal , lebih mirip buaya modern daripada yang diperkirakan sebelumnya .....read more

Fossil skull
sheds new light on transition from water to land

Date:

March 11, 2015

Source:

University of Bristol

Summary:

The first 3-D
reconstruction of the skull of a 360-million-year-old near-ancestor of land
vertebrates has been created. The 3-D skull, which differs from earlier 2-D
reconstructions, suggests such creatures, which lived their lives primarily in
shallow water environments, were more like modern crocodiles than previously
thought.

..........................

the first 3D
reconstruction of the skull of a 360 million-year-old near-ancestor of land
vertebrates has been created by scientists from the Universities of Bristol and
Cambridge, UK. The 3D skull, which differs from earlier 2D reconstructions,
suggests such creatures, which lived their lives primarily in shallow water
environments, were more like modern crocodiles than previously thought.

The researchers applied high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT)
scanning to several specimens ofAcanthostega gunnari, one of the
'four-footed' vertebrates known as tetrapods which invaded the land during one
of the great evolutionary transitions in Earth's history, 380-360 million years
ago. Tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fishes and display a number of
adaptations to help them survive on land.

An iconic fossil species, Acanthostega gunnari is crucial
for understanding the anatomy and ecology of the earliest tetrapods. However,
after hundreds of millions of years in the ground fossils are often damaged and
deformed. No single specimen of Acanthostega preserves a skull
that is complete and three-dimensional which has limited scientists'
understanding of how this key animal fed and breathed -- until now.

Using special software, the Bristol and Cambridge researchers 'digitally
prepared' a number of Acanthostega specimens from East
Greenland, stripping away layers of rock to reveal the underlying bones.

They uncovered a number of bones deep within the skull, including some that
had never before been seen or described, resulting in a detailed anatomical
description of the Acanthostega skull.

Once all of the bones and teeth were digitally separated from each other,
cracks were repaired and missing elements duplicated. Bones could then be
manipulated individually in 3D space. Using information from other specimens,
the bones were fitted together like puzzle pieces to produce the first 3D
reconstruction of the skull ofAcanthostega, with surprising results.

Lead author, Dr Laura Porro, formerly of Bristol's School of Earth Sciences
and now at the Royal Veterinary College, said: "Because early tetrapods
skulls are often 'pancaked' during the fossilization process, these animals are
usually reconstructed having very flat heads. Our new reconstruction suggests
the skull of Acanthostega was taller and somewhat narrower
than previously interpreted, more similar to the skull of a modern
crocodile."

The researchers also found clues to how Acanthostega fed.
The size and distribution of its teeth and the shape of contacts between
individual bones of the skull (called sutures) suggest Acanthostega may
have initially seized prey at the front of its jaws using its large front teeth
and hook-shaped lower jaw.

Co-author, Professor Emily Rayfield, also from Bristol's School of Earth
Sciences, said: "These new analyses provide fresh clues about the
evolution of the jaws and feeding system as the earliest animals with limbs and
digits began to conquer the land."

The researchers plan to apply these methods to other flattened fossils of
the earliest tetrapods to better understand how these early animals modified
their bones and teeth to meet the challenges of living on land.

Digital models of the original fossils and the 3D reconstruction are also
useful in scientific research and education. They can be accessed by
researchers around the world, without risking damage to fragile original
fossils and without scientists having to travel thousands of miles to see
original specimens. Furthermore, digital models and 3D printouts can be easily
and safely handled by students taking courses and by the public during outreach
events.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by University of Bristol. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.    Laura B. Porro, Emily J. Rayfield,
Jennifer A. Clack. Descriptive Anatomy and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction
of the Skull of the Early Tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik, 1952. PLOS
ONE, 2015; 10 (3): e0118882 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0118882

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150311160446.htm

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