Bagaimana satu mikroorganisme mengikis terumbu karang
Cyanobacteria mampu merusak permukaan batu tertentu
Date:
May 4, 2016
Source:
Arizona State
University
Summary:
Para peneliti telah menemukan bagaimana jenis tertentu dari cyanobacteria , mikroba fotosintetik , mampu mengebor dan hidup dalam karbonat padat , mineral utama yang membentuk kerangka karang dan kerang - mempercepat erosi dan menyebabkan masalah bagi petani kerang .
........................
terumbu karang dan makhluk laut bercangkang
keras seperti
tiram dan kerang yang terus-menerus terancam , tidak hanya oleh efek merugikan
dari stres seperti perubahan iklim dan hilangnya habitat , tetapi juga oleh
mikroorganisme .
Para peneliti dari Arizona State University telah menemukan bagaimana jenis tertentu dari cyanobacteria , mikroba fotosintetik , mampu mengebor dan hidup dalam karbonat padat , mineral utama yang membentuk kerangka karang dan kerang - mempercepat erosi dan menyebabkan masalah bagi petani kerang .
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How one
microorganism erodes coral reefs
Cyanobacteria capable of boring into certain rock surfaces
Date:
May 4, 2016
Source:
Arizona State
University
Summary:
Researchers have discovered how a particular type of cyanobacteria, a
photosynthetic microbe, is able to bore into and live within solid carbonates,
the main mineral that makes up coral skeletons and seashells -- hastening their
erosion and causing trouble for shellfish farmers.
........................
Coral reefs and hard-shelled sea creatures such as oysters and mussels are
constantly being threatened, not only by the detrimental effects of stressors
such as climate change and habitat loss, but also by microorganisms.
Researchers from Arizona State University have discovered how a particular
type of cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic microbe, is able to bore into and live
within solid carbonates, the main mineral that makes up coral skeletons and
seashells -- hastening their erosion and causing trouble for shellfish farmers.
Organisms that can do this, known as euendoliths, infest many kinds of
rock, but they are especially adept at boring into rock types that consist of
calcium carbonate, such as limestone and marble used to make sculptures,
buildings and other man-made structures.
Brandon Guida, a School of Life Sciences doctoral candidate and lead author
of the study, said: "The mechanisms by which these organisms can excavate
carbonates and live inside rocks were, until now, a real mystery that seemed to
go against the laws of chemistry. But now we have a better idea how they do
it." Their findings confirm several previous hypotheses.
Guida and his mentor, Ferran Garcia-Pichel, Dean of Natural Sciences with
the ASU College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, published their findings in this
week's early online edition of the scientific journal Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences.
The scientists found that these rock-busting microbes, orchestrate the
activities of many cells in a coordinated way to transport mineral calcium to
the surface, much like a conveyor. This type of cell to cell calcium transport
has never been observed in bacteria before.
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Para ilmuwan menemukan bahwa mikroba penghilang-karang tersebut , mengatur kegiatan banyak sel dengan cara yang
terkoordinasi untuk mengangkut kalsium mineral ke permukaan , seperti konveyor
. Jenis sel untuk transportasi kalsium sel belum pernah diamati pada bakteri
sebelumnya.
Too much calcium inside any cell can be toxic, and all known life forms
keep it at very low levels inside. However, this particular cyanobacterium can
move a lot of calcium though its cells. To prevent calcium from becoming toxic
in most cells, they develop a few special cells -- a type of "calcium
depot" -- also never seen before, to help store and regulate the release
of the calcium in an organized fashion.
"The level of cellular specialization and organization observed in
this single bacterium is remarkable. Our research here supports the idea that
bacteria are not just simple unicellular organisms but can be sophisticated,
organized and truly multicellular," added Guida.
"The implications of these findings for cell biology and the environment
go beyond this particular study," said Garcia-Pichel, co-author of the
study and professor with the School of Life Sciences. "These
microorganisms teach us how one can use light energy to transport materials at
a small scale, and how to efficiently engineer processes that may be of use in
geotechnics, or put to work as targeted decalcifying agents. After more than 3
billion years of evolutionary tweaking, microbes often provide us with such
learning moments."
While this research answers many questions, more remain, such as why these
microbes bore in the first place and how can they survive the intracellular
calcium concentration the scientists do observe. The researchers say the next
steps will be to look at the genes used by this cyanobacterium and to study
whether these bacteria are actually consuming the carbon in the rock as well.
"We now hypothesize that the observed calcium transport is only part
of the picture and that these microbes may actually be using the carbon
released during boring process in photosynthesis, essentially eating the rock,
which would be pretty awesome," said Guida.
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Arizona
State University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1.
Brandon Scott Guida, Ferran Garcia-Pichel. Extreme cellular
adaptations and cell differentiation required by a cyanobacterium for carbonate
excavation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016;
201524687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524687113
Sumber :