' vampir ' kecil : paleobiologist menemukan bukti predasi di
ekosistem mikroba kuno
Date:
May 25, 2016
Source:
University of California - Santa Barbara
Summary:
paleobiologist telah menemukan bukti predasi di ekosistem mikroba kuno , lebih dari 740 juta tahun. Menggunakan mikroskop elektron untuk memeriksa fosil, Porter ditemukan lubang bor lingkaran sempurna yang mungkin telah terbentuk oleh hubungan kuno Vampyrellidae amuba. Makhluk bersel tunggal melubangi dinding mangsa mereka dan mencapai ke dalam untuk mengkonsumsi isi selnya.
........................
Vampir adalah nyata, dan mereka sudah ada sekitar selama jutaan tahun. Setidaknya, berbagai amuba memilikinya. penelitian baru dari UC Santa Barbara ,paleobiologist Susannah Porter.
Using a scanning
electron microscope to examine minute fossils, Porter found perfectly circular
drill holes that may have been formed by an ancient relation of Vampyrellidae
amoebae. These single-celled creatures perforate the walls of their prey and
reach inside to consume its cell contents. Porter's findings appear in
the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
"To my knowledge
these holes are the earliest direct evidence of predation on eukaryotes,"
said Porter, an associate professor in UCSB's Department of Earth Science.
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles
such as mitochondria.
Menggunakan mikroskop elektron untuk memeriksa fosil, Porter ditemukan lubang bor lingkaran sempurna yang mungkin telah terbentuk oleh hubungan kuno Vampyrellidae amuba. Makhluk bersel tunggal melubangi dinding mangsa mereka dan mencapai ke dalam untuk mengkonsumsi isi selnya. Temuan Porter muncul dalam Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
"Setahu saya lubang ini adalah bukti langsung awal predasi pada eukariota," kata Porter, seorang profesor di UCSB Departemen Ilmu Bumi. Eukariota adalah organisme yang selnya mengandung inti dan organel lain seperti mitokondria.
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Tiny 'vampires': Paleobiologist finds evidence of predation
in ancient microbial ecosystems
Evidence dates back more than 740 million years
Date:
May 25, 2016
Source:
University of California - Santa Barbara
Summary:
A paleobiologist has
found evidence of predation in ancient microbial ecosystems dating back more
than 740 million years. Using a scanning electron microscope to examine minute
fossils, Porter found perfectly circular drill holes that may have been formed
by an ancient relation of Vampyrellidae amoebae. These single-celled creatures
perforate the walls of their prey and reach inside to consume its cell
contents.
........................
Vampires are real, and they've been around for millions of years. At least,
the amoebae variety has. So suggests new research from UC Santa Barbara
paleobiologist Susannah Porter.
Using a scanning
electron microscope to examine minute fossils, Porter found perfectly circular
drill holes that may have been formed by an ancient relation of Vampyrellidae
amoebae. These single-celled creatures perforate the walls of their prey and
reach inside to consume its cell contents. Porter's findings appear in
the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
"To my knowledge
these holes are the earliest direct evidence of predation on eukaryotes,"
said Porter, an associate professor in UCSB's Department of Earth Science.
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles
such as mitochondria.
"We have a great
record of predation on animals going back 550 million years," she continued,
"starting with the very first mineralized shells, which show evidence of
drillholes. We had nothing like that for early life -- for the time before
animals appear. These holes potentially provide a way of looking at
predator-prey interactions in very deep time in ancient microbial
ecosystems."
Porter examined
fossils from the Chuar Group in the Grand Canyon -- once an ancient seabed --
that are between 782 and 742 million years old. The holes are about one
micrometer (one thousandth of a millimeter) in diameter and occur in seven of
the species she identified. The holes are not common in any single one species;
in fact, they appear in not more than 10 percent of the specimens.
"I also found
evidence of specificity in hole sizes, so different species show different
characteristic hole sizes, which is consistent with what we know about modern
vampire amoebae and their food preferences," Porter said. "Different
species of amoebae make differently sized holes. The Vampyrellid amoebae make a
great modern analog, but because vampirelike feeding behavior is known in a
number of different unrelated amoebae, it makes it difficult to pin down
exactly who the predator was."
According to Porter,
this evidence may help to address the question of whether predation was one of
the driving factors in the diversification of eukaryotes that took place about
800 million years ago.
"If that is true,
then if we look at older fossil assemblages -- say 1 to 1.6 billion years old
-- the fossilized eukaryote will show no evidence of predation," Porter
said. "I'm interested in finding out when drilling first appears in the
fossil record and whether its intensity changes through time."
Porter also is
interested in seeing whether oxygen played a role in predation levels through
time. She noted that the microfossils those organisms attacked were probably
phytoplankton living in oxygenated surface waters, but like vampyrellid amoebae
today, the predators may have lived in the sediments. She suggests that those
phytoplankton made tough-walled cysts -- resting structures now preserved as
fossils -- that sank to the bottom where they were attacked by the amoebae.
"We have evidence
that the bottom waters in the Chuar Group in that Grand Canyon basin were
relatively deep -- 200 meters deep at most -- and sometimes became anoxic,
meaning they lacked oxygen," Porter explained.
"I'm interested
to know whether the predators only were present and making these drill holes
when the bottom waters contained oxygen," Porter added. "That might
tie the diversification of eukaryotes and the appearance of predators to
evidence for increasing oxygen levels around 800 million years ago.
"We know from the
modern vampire amoebae that at least some of them make resting cysts
themselves," Porter said. "A former student of mine joked we should
call these coffins. So one of our motivations is to see if we can find these
coffins in the fossil assemblage as well. That's the next project."
Story Source:
The above post is
reprinted from materials provided byUniversity of California - Santa
Barbara. The original item was written by Julie Cohen. Note: Materials may
be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1.
Susannah M. Porter. Tiny vampires in ancient seas: evidence for
predation via perforation in fossils from the 780–740 million-year-old Chuar
Group, Grand Canyon, USA. Proceedings of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences, 2016; 283 (1831): 20160221 DOI:10.1098/rspb.2016.0221