pandemi flu babi berasal 2009 berasal dari Meksiko
Date:
June 27, 2016
Source:
The Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai
School of Medicine
Summary:
Flu babi 2009 H1N1 pandemi - bertanggung jawab untuk lebih dari 17.000 kematian
di seluruh dunia - berasal babi dari daerah yang sangat kecil di Meksiko tengah,
report tim ilmuwan penelitian . mengatakan temuan mereka mewakili pertama kalinya
bahwa asal-usul dari virus influenza pandemi telah ditentukan secara rinci seperti.
...........................
Flu babi 2009 H1N1 pandemi - bertanggung jawab untuk lebih dari 17.000 kematian
di seluruh dunia - berasal babi dari daerah yang sangat kecil di Meksiko tengah,
sebuah tim peneliti yang dipimpin oleh peneliti di Mount Sinai School of Medicine melaporkan.
Para ilmuwan mengatakan temuan mereka, yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal eLife ,
mewakili pertama kalinya bahwa asal virus pandemi influenza telah ditentukan secara rinci.
Peneliti menggunakan state-of-the-art analisis genetik untuk mengidentifikasi lokasi yang
tepat dan transformasi molekul utama yang memungkinkan virus influenza babi untuk
melompat ke manusia. Mereka menemukan bahwa virus yang bertanggung jawab
adalah campuran dari satu virus babi Amerika utara yang melompat antara burung,
manusia, dan babi, dan virus babi Eurasia kedua, yang beredar selama
lebih dari 10 tahun pada babi di Meksiko sebelum melompat ke manusia. Sebelumnya,
virus nenek moyang yang paling erat kaitannya dengan virus H1N1 2009
telah diidentifikasi pada babi Asia, tapi mereka tidak dekat secara genetik
dengan virus H1N1 pandemi manusia 2009 sebagai isolat
babi Meksiko yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini.
...........................
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2009 swine flu pandemic originated in Mexico,
researchers discover
Date:
June 27, 2016
Source:
The Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai
School of Medicine
Summary:
The 2009 swine H1N1 flu pandemic --
responsible for more than 17,000 deaths worldwide -- originated in pigs from a
very small region in central Mexico, a research team is reporting.The
scientists say their findings represent the first time that the origin of an
influenza pandemic virus has been determined in such detail.
...........................
The 2009 swine H1N1 flu pandemic --
responsible for more than 17,000 deaths worldwide -- originated in pigs from a
very small region in central Mexico, a research team headed by investigators at
the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is reporting.
The scientists say their findings, published in the journal eLife,
represent the first time that the origin of an influenza pandemic virus has
been determined in such detail.
Researchers used state-of-the-art genetic analysis to identify the precise
location and the main molecular transformations that allowed a pig influenza
virus to jump into humans. They found that the virus responsible was a mix of
one North American swine virus that had jumped between birds, humans, and pigs,
and a second Eurasian swine virus, that circulated for more than 10 years in
pigs in Mexico before jumping into humans. Previously, the most closely related
ancestor viruses to the 2009 H1N1 virus were identified in Asian swine, but
they were not as close genetically to the human 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus as the
swine Mexican isolates found in this study.
The only other H1N1 pandemic flu known to date was the "Spanish"
flu of 1918 that killed between 50 and 100 million people -- 3 to 5 percent of
the world's population.
Influenza viruses infect up to 500 million people annually.
"Knowing where and how an animal influenza virus infects humans and
spreads all over the world helps us understand how we can reduce risk of these
pandemics," says the study's senior author, Adolfo García-Sastre, PhD,
Director of the Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Irene and Dr.
Arthur M. Fishberg Chair and Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), and
Professor of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
Determining the original location of the 2009 swine flu, known as an A/H1N1
pathogen, lends a note of caution to evolving efforts to track problematic animal
and bird viruses, Dr. Garcia-Sastre says. "This virus came from, and was
confined to, a very small geographic area and had been there 10 years before
one emergent strain gained the capacity to infect humans," he says.
"The virus was completely under the radar."
Dr. Garcia-Sastre directs the Icahn School of Medicine's Center for
Research on Influenza Pathogenesis, one of five National Institutes of Health
(NIH) Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance. In
collaboration with the NIH and Avi-Mex, a Mexican veterinarian company, he and
his team obtained 58 whole-genome sequences from influenza A viruses collected
in the Mexican pigs and found viral sequences previously not known to exist in
Mexico or in any other part of the world.
Flu viruses have eight mini chromosomes and when two different strains
infect the same cell they can exchange genetic segments -- a process called
reassortment. "All the pandemic flu viruses that we have tracked have had
reassortments," says Dr. Garcia-Sastre.
The 2009 A/H1N1 was also a derivative of two different strains of swine
influenza -- one that had been circulating in Europe and Asia and another that
was circulating in the Americas, especially North America. "There is a lot
of surveillance in North American pigs, and we know that this virus was
actually a reassortment that occurred years ago between a bird (avian), human
and a swine virus," he says.
The 2009 swine virus was therefore a "quadruple" reassortment,
Dr. Garcia-Sastre says.
They also discovered that the parent virus had been present in the pigs in
central Mexico for at least 10 years before a strain was generated that could
jump into humans, and that the parent strains still exist in the pigs there
today. The findings make sense, he says, because the first human flu infections
were seen in Mexico before the 2009 pandemic spread rapidly to the United
States and then around the globe.
"Part of the difficulty in determining origin of pandemic influenzas
is that the virus had been silent for so long," he says. "This is
true for all previous pandemics. The actual precursors of the viruses are
unclear -- we know there are reassortments but which ones and where the
reassortment took place has been unclear."
By solving the origins and the reassortments that led to the 2009 A/H1N1
pandemic, researchers might be able to study existing "brothers and
sisters" of the virus to understand the type of mutations needed to allow
a virus to jump into humans.
Worldwide surveillance of active flu in pigs is crucial because swine are a
common global commodity, Dr. Garcia-Sastre says. "We need to monitor the
viruses that are circulating, and try to stop mixing influenza strains from
different geographic locations," he says. "This study also shows that
you cannot ignore small geographic areas with pig farms --places in which the
2009 pandemic originated and which the next, perhaps more severe global flu,
may come from."
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided
by The Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount
Sinai School of Medicine.Note: Materials may be edited for
content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Ignacio
Mena, Martha I Nelson, Francisco Quezada-Monroy, Jayeeta Dutta, Refugio
Cortes-Fernández, J Horacio Lara-Puente, Felipa Castro-Peralta, Luis F Cunha,
Nídia Sequeira Trovão, Bernardo Lozano-Dubernard, Andrew Rambaut, Harm van
Bakel, Adolfo García-Sastre. Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza
pandemic in swine in Mexico. eLife, 2016; 5 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.16777