ular karang biru ,
calliophis bivirgata: Sebuah keindahan misterius bersenjata racun eksotis
Tanggal: September
5, 2016
Sumber: University
of Malaya
Ringkasan:
Ahli toksikologi di
Malaysia menerbitkan laporan pertama pada racun proteome yang menghubungkan dengan fungsi beracun dari ular karang biru Malayan,
spesies eksotis dari negara itu. Racun unik di antara ular dan memiliki
implikasi yang mendalam pada produksi antivenom dan penemuan obat.
............................
Ahli toksikologi di Malaysia menerbitkan
laporan pertama pada racun proteome yang menghubungkan dengan fungsi racun dari
ular karang biru Malayan, spesies eksotis dari negara itu. Racun unik di antara
ular dan memiliki implikasi yang mendalam pada produksi antivenom dan penemuan
obat.
pertama kali mendengar tentang
"ular karang" mungkin secara alami berpikir bahwa ular ini hidup di
laut, bersembunyi, berenang dan bersembunyi di dalam dan sekitar beberapa
terumbu karang yang indah. Tapi sebenarnya tidak begitu, seperti ular karang yang
benar-benar terestrial (hidup di darat), lebih memilih habitat hutan yang
menawarkan lahan untuk menggali dan bersembunyi. Mengapa "karang"?
Karena menakjubkan, warna-warni di
sebagian besar spesies.
ular karang biru malayan, calliophis
bivirgata, mungkin merupakan spesies terbesar dari jenisnya. ular dewasa
biasanya tumbuh melampaui semeter panjang tubuhnya . Warna tubuh yang mencolok
untuk mata: warna merah-cerah- di kepala dan terus-menerus di sepanjang bagian
bawah tubuh ke ekor, sementara bagian belakang tubuh adalah biru tua ke warna
hitam, diapit oleh sepasang garis-garis putih kebiruan yang berjalan di setiap
sisinya. Warna tubuh yang dramatis diyakini untuk tujuan aposematic (sebagai pesan peringatan
dari "jauhlah dari saya, saya
mematikan!" Untuk menangkal predator). ular karang sulit dipahami dan
pemalu; ketika berhadapan, mereka biasanya meluncur pergi atau mencari tempat
persembunyian untuk menghindari sumber agresi.
label
ular
karang biru , calliophis bivirgata: Sebuah keindahan misterius bersenjata racun
eksotis,calliophis bivirgata,venom,ular,snake,coral snake,proteome,toxic
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Blue coral
snake, calliophis bivirgata: A mysterious beauty armed with exotic toxins
Date:
September
5, 2016
Source:
University
of Malaya
Summary:
Toxicologists in Malaysia published the first report on the
venom proteome correlating toxic functionalities of the Malayan blue coral
snake, an exotic species from the country. The toxins are unique among snakes
and have deep implication on antivenom production and drug discovery.
............................
Toxicologists in Malaysia published the first report on the venom proteome
correlating toxic functionalities of the Malayan blue coral snake, an exotic
species from the country. The toxins are unique among snakes and have deep
implication on antivenom production and drug discovery.
People first heard about "coral snakes" might naturally think
that the snakes live in the sea, hiding, swimming and lurking in and around
some beautiful coral reefs. But the truth isn't so, as coral snakes are totally
terrestrial (living on land), preferring forested habitat that offers land for
burrowing and hiding. Why "coral"? Because of the stunning,
breathtaking colors in most of the species.
The Malayan Blue coral snake, Calliophis bivirgata, is perhaps the largest
species of its kind. Adult snakes typically grow beyond a meter in body length.
The body color is striking to the eyes: bright-red color on the head continuous
throughout the underside of the body to the tail, while the back of the body is
dark blue to black in color, flanked by a pair of bluish white stripes running
along each side. The dramatic body color is believed to serve aposematic
purpose (as a warning message of "Stay away from me, I am deadly!" to
ward off predators). Coral snakes are elusive and shy; when confronted, they
usually slither away or seek hiding spot to avoid the source of aggression.
Beautiful, attractive, but dangerous -- this is the nature of blue coral
snake. All coral snakes belong to the Elapidae Family of the Serpentes Order.
For those uncertain about snake taxonomy, "famous" members in the
Elapidae Family include cobras, kraits and sea snakes. A common characteristic
of these snakes is that they all pack and carry a battery of lethal toxins
called "venom" in specialized oral glands, to be injected through the
venom fangs when in need. So what is exactly "venom"?
For snakes, it is a critical phenotype that has ecological significance,
where it functions to take down prey and to defend the snake from predator.
Mishaps however can occur from unpleasant encounters between humans and the
snake, resulting in snakebite envenomation.
Therefore, coral snakes are considered medically important venomous snakes.
Knowledge on their venom property is essential not only for clinical management
but also drug discovery, a field in which new medicines are developed from
natural compounds (yes, snake toxins are natural compounds). However, studies
pertaining to the Old World or Asiatic coral snake venoms are limited,
presumably due to the inaccessibility to the venom of these exotic species.
With persistence, Dr. Tan Choo Hock and team at University of Malaya,
Malaysia, managed to collect the venom from the Malayan blue coral snake and
the venom has been characterized on two major aspects: (a) proteomics that
unveils the various toxin components and their amounts in the venom; (b)
biomedical studies of the venom to understand it toxicological properties.
The advent in proteomic tools such
as high-resolution mass spectrometry and powerful bioinformatic analysis, has
led to an impressive growth in the knowledge about venom composition, thus
enabling a holistic correlation of venom profile to toxicity and medical
treatment. In fact, the paper published by the researchers is the first report
of the venom proteome of an Asian coral snake in correlation to its venom
biology. The blue coral snake venom is unique; it is predominated by
phospholipase A2 and three-finger toxin, together accounting for approximately
60% of total venom proteins.
However, it varies distinctly from
the venoms of many other elapid snakes such as cobras, king cobra, kraits, sea
snakes and even the American coral snakes, by the peculiar absence of
post-synaptic alpha-neurotoxins in its venom profile. Instead, the unique
cytotoxin isoform, maticotoxin, comprises the second largest bulk of proteins
in the venom, following phospholipase A2. This implies the emergence of a
dichotomous venom phenotype within the Elapidae family. The novel mechanisms of
the blue coral snake venom and its toxin deserve further investigation.
The unique proteome of blue coral snake venom has also offered insights
into the toxic functionalities of snake venom. Meanwhile, although the venom is
lethal, there is a lack of appropriate antivenom that can effectively
neutralize the venom. In essence, the venom proteome unveiled for this exotic
snake has enriched the snake toxin databases, and this can contribute to drug
discovery and the optimization of antivenom production in the region.
Story Source:
Journal Reference:
- Choo
Hock Tan, Shin Yee Fung, Michelle Khai Khun Yap, Poh Kuan Leong, Jia Lee
Liew, Nget Hong Tan. Unveiling the elusive and exotic: Venomics of
the Malayan blue coral snake (Calliophis bivirgata flaviceps). Journal
of Proteomics, 2016; 132: 1 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.014