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Bagaimana virus flu mendapatkan kemampuan untuk menyebar--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik--flu--virus--berita tentang flu

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Bagaimana virus flu mendapatkan kemampuan untuk menyebar

Date:

September 23, 2015

Source:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Summary:

Sebuah studi baru mengungkapkan langit-langit lunak adalah situs utama untuk evolusi udara transmisibilitas . Para ilmuwan membuat penemuan yang mengejutkan saat memeriksa strain flu H1N1 , yang menyebabkan pandemi 2009 yang menewaskan lebih dari 250.000 orang

............... Para peneliti dari MIT dan Institut Nasional Alergi dan Penyakit Infeksi ( NIAID ) membuat temuan mengejutkan ketika memeriksa strain flu H1N1 , yang menyebabkan pandemi 2009 yang menewaskan lebih dari 250.000 orang ......more




How flu viruses
gain the ability to spread

Date:

September 23, 2015

Source:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Summary:

A new study reveals the soft palate is a key site for evolution of airborne
transmissibility. Scientists made the surprising finding while examining the
H1N1 flu strain, which caused a 2009 pandemic that killed more than 250,000
people.

........................

Flu viruses come in many strains, and some are better equipped than others
to spread from person to person. Scientists have now discovered that the soft
palate -- the soft tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth -- plays a key
role in viruses' ability to travel through the air from one person to another.

The findings, described in the Sept. 23 online edition of Nature,
should help scientists better understand how the flu virus evolves airborne
transmissibility and assist them in monitoring the emergence of strains with
potential to cause global outbreaks.

Researchers from MIT and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (NIAID) made the surprising finding while examining the H1N1 flu
strain, which caused a 2009 pandemic that killed more than 250,000 people.

MIT biological engineer Ram Sasisekharan, one of the study's senior
authors, has previously shown that airborne transmissibility depends on whether
a virus' hemagglutinin (HA) protein can bind to a specific type of receptor on
the surface of human respiratory cells. Some flu viruses bind better to alpha
2-6 glycan receptors, which are found primarily in humans and other mammals,
while other viruses are better adapted to alpha 2-3 glycan receptors, found
predominantly in birds.

The 2009 strain was very good at binding to human alpha 2-6 receptors. In
the new study, the researchers made four mutations in the HA molecule of this
virus, which made it better suited to bind alpha 2-3 receptors instead of alpha
2-6. They then used it to infect ferrets, which are often used to model human
influenza infection.

The researchers believed the mutated virus would not spread, but to their
surprise, it traveled through the air just as well as the original version of
the virus. After sequencing the virus' genetic material, they found that it had
undergone a genetic reversion that allowed its HA protein to bind to alpha 2-6
glycan receptors as well as alpha 2-3 glycan receptors.

"This is an experimental validation that gain of binding to the 2-6
glycan receptor is critical for aerosol transmission," says Sasisekharan,
the Alfred H. Caspary Professor of Biological Engineering and Health Sciences
and Technology at MIT and a member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer
Research.

Airborne evolution

The researchers then examined tissue from different parts of the
respiratory tract and found that viruses with the genetic reversion were most
abundant in the soft palate. By three days after the initial infection, 90
percent of the viruses in this region had the reverted form of the virus. Other
sites in the respiratory tract had a mix of the two types of virus.

The researchers are now trying to figure out how this reversion occurs, and
why it happens in the soft palate. They hypothesize that flu viruses with
superior ability to transmit through the air outcompete other viruses in the
soft palate, from which they can spread by packaging themselves into mucus
droplets produced by cells in the soft palate known as goblet cells.

Now that the researchers have confirmed that viruses with the ability to
bind to both alpha 2-6 and alpha 2-3 glycan receptors can spread effectively
among mammals, they can use that information to help identify viruses that may
cause pandemics, Sasisekharan says.

"It really provides us with a handle to very systematically look at
any evolving pandemic viruses from the point of view of their ability to gain airborne
transmissibility through binding to these 2-6 glycan receptors," he says.

Kanta Subbarao of NIAID is the paper's other senior author, and the lead
author is Seema Lakdawala, also of NIAID.







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided byMassachusetts
Institute of Technology. The original item was written by Anne Trafton. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Seema S. Lakdawala, Akila Jayaraman, Rebecca A. Halpin, Elaine W.
Lamirande, Angela R. Shih, Timothy B. Stockwell, Xudong Lin, Ari Simenauer,
Christopher T. Hanson, Leatrice Vogel, Myeisha Paskel, Mahnaz Minai, Ian Moore,
Marlene Orandle, Suman R. Das, David E. Wentworth, Ram Sasisekharan, Kanta
Subbarao. The soft palate is an important site of adaptation for
transmissible influenza viruses. Nature, 2015; DOI:10.1038/nature15379

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923133511.htm

Virus-mirip partikel Vaksin melindungi tikus dari banyak strain flu--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

09.20

Virus-mirip partikel Vaksin melindungi tikus dari banyak strain flu

Virus-mirip partikel Vaksin  melindungi tikus dari banyak strain flu

Date:

July 21, 2015

Source:

American Society for Microbiology

Summary:

Setiap tahun , para ilmuwan menciptakan vaksin influenza ( flu ) yang melindungi terhadap strain influenza tertentu dimana beberapa peneliti memprediksi akan menjadi yang paling umum selama tahun itu . Sekarang , sebuah studi baru menunjukkan bahwa para ilmuwan mungkin dapat membuat vaksin ' yang universal ' yang dapat memberikan perlindungan yang luas terhadap berbagai strain influenza, termasuk yang bisa menyebabkan pandemik di masa depan .

........ " Alasan peneliti mengubah vaksin setiap tahun adalah bahwa mereka ingin vaksin secara khusus sesuai dengan  untuk virus tertentu yang beredar , seperti H1N1 . Jika vaksin ini hanya sedikit berbeda dengan target virus , tidak diharapkan untuk menawarkan perlindungan banyak , " kata peneliti utama dari studi Jeffery Taubenberger , MD , PhD , Kepala Viral Patogenesis dan bagian Evolution  , Laboratorium Penyakit Menular, Institut Nasional Alergi dan Penyakit Menular ( NIAID ) . " Apa yang kami lakukan adalah merancang strategi di mana Anda tidak harus berpikir tentang pencocokan antigen vaksin untuk semua virus  . "....more




Virus-like
particle vaccine protects mice from many flu strains

Date:

July 21, 2015

Source:

American Society for Microbiology

Summary:

Each year, scientists create an influenza (flu) vaccine that protects
against a few specific influenza strains that researchers predict are going to
be the most common during that year. Now, a new study shows that scientists may
be able to create a 'universal' vaccine that can provide broad protection
against numerous influenza strains, including those that could cause future
pandemics.

......................

Each year, scientists create an influenza (flu) vaccine that protects
against a few specific influenza strains that researchers predict are going to
be the most common during that year. Now, a new study shows that scientists may
be able to create a 'universal' vaccine that can provide broad protection
against numerous influenza strains, including those that could cause future
pandemics. The study appears inmBio, the online
open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology.

"The reason researchers change the vaccine every year is that they
want to specifically match the vaccine to the particular viruses that are
circulating, such as H1N1. If the vaccine is just a little bit different to the
target virus, it is not expected to offer much protection," said principal
investigator of the study Jeffery Taubenberger, MD, PhD, Chief of Viral
Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). "What we have done
is design a strategy where you don't have to think about matching the vaccine
antigen to the virus at all."

In the new study, researchers at the NIAID used a virus-like particle
vaccine cocktail that expressed a handful of different subtypes of a key
surface protein of the influenza virus: hemagglutinin H1, H3, H5 and H7.
"There are 16 different hemagglutinin subtypes that circulate in birds and
are thought to be the basis for current and future influenza pandemics," said
Dr. Taubenberger. "The hypothesis was that the presentation of these
different viral proteins would stimulate the development of cross-protective
immunity that would provide broader protection against multiple subtypes."

The researchers picked the H1 and H3 subtypes because they have been the
major cause of human seasonal flu outbreaks since 1918. They chose the H5 and
H7 subtypes because they have been the cause of recent bird flu outbreaks and
have pandemic potential. This selection also provided a broad representation of
hemagglutinins across the phylogenetic tree.

In a series of experiments, the researchers found that 95% of mice
vaccinated with the investigational cocktail were protected against a lethal
challenge with eight different influenza strains expressing seven different
influenza A subtypes, compared to only 5% of mice who received mock
vaccinations.

"Almost all of the animals that were vaccinated survived, including
mice that were challenged with viruses that expressed hemagglutinin subtypes
that were not in the vaccine at all, viruses that expressed H2, H6, H10, and
H11," said Dr. Taubenberger. "What that suggests is that this
approach really gives us broad spectrum protection, and could serve as a basis
for an effective pre-pandemic vaccine."

Additional experiments showed that the vaccine was durable, effective for
at least 6 months, and that it worked well in older mice. This is important
given that elderly people are particularly susceptible to severe disease
following influenza infection, and current vaccines are less efficacious in the
elderly than in younger people.

"These initial findings are very positive and suggest a promising and
practical strategy for developing a vaccine with amazing, broad
protection," said Dr. Taubenberger.







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided byAmerican
Society for Microbiology. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Louis M. Schwartzman, Andrea L. Cathcart, Lindsey M. Pujanauski, Li Qi,
John C. Kash, Jeffery K. Taubenberger.An Intranasal Virus-Like Particle
Vaccine Broadly Protects Mice from Multiple Subtypes of Influenza A Virus. mBio,
July 2015 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01044-15

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150721102745.htm

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Bagaimana virus flu mendapatkan kemampuan untuk menyebar--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik--flu--virus--berita tentang flu

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