Venus flytrap mengeksploitasi
pertahanan tanaman dalam gaya hidup karnivora
Date:
May 4, 2016
Source:
Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory
Summary:
Venus flytraps memiliki biologi mempesona selama berabad-abad , namun ,
dasar-dasar molekuler dari gaya hidup karnivora mereka tetap tidak diketahui .
Para peneliti sekarang telah menandai ekspresi gen , sekresi protein ,
dan perubahan ultra selama stimulasi venus flytraps dan menemukan bahwa
sistem pertahanan tanaman umum , yang biasanya melindungi tanaman dari yang memakan ,
juga digunakan oleh venus flytraps untuk makan serangga .
....................
Venus flytraps memiliki biologi mempesona selama berabad-abad ,
namun , dasar-dasar molekuler dari gaya hidup karnivora mereka tetap tidak diketahui .
Para peneliti sekarang telah menandai ekspresi gen , sekresi protein ,
dan perubahan ultra selama stimulasi venus flytraps dan menemukan bahwa
sistem pertahanan tanaman umum , yang biasanya melindungi tanaman dari yang memakan ,
juga digunakan oleh venus flytraps untuk makan serangga .
Venus flytraps mengenali mangsanya menggunakan sentuhan - sensitif
yang memicu rambut yang terletak di permukaan bagian dalam perangkap ini .
Ketika dirangsang , rambut-rambut ini menghasilkan sinyal listrik yang ditransmisikan ke tanaman .
Setelah stimulus pertama , perangkap mengingat sinyal tetapi tidak menutup ;
setelah stimulus kedua , perangkap terkunci menutup .
Mangsa yang ditangkap akan berulang mengaktifkan rambut pemicu yang menyebabkan sinyal-sinyal listrik berulang " mengingatkan " tanaman .
............................
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Venus flytrap
exploits plant defenses in carnivorous lifestyle
Date:
May 4, 2016
Source:
Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory
Summary:
Venus flytraps have fascinated biologists for centuries, however, the
molecular underpinnings of their carnivorous lifestyle remain largely unknown.
Researchers have now characterized gene expression, protein secretion, and
ultrastructural changes during stimulation of Venus flytraps and discover that
common plant defense systems, which typically protect plants from being eaten,
are also used by Venus flytraps for insect feeding.
....................
Venus flytraps have fascinated biologists for centuries, however, the
molecular underpinnings of their carnivorous lifestyle remain largely unknown.
In a study published online today inGenome Research, researchers
characterized gene expression, protein secretion, and ultrastructural changes
during stimulation of Venus flytraps and discover that common plant defense
systems, which typically protect plants from being eaten, are also used by
Venus flytraps for insect feeding.
Venus flytraps recognize their prey using touch-sensitive trigger hairs
located on the trap's inner surface. When stimulated, these hairs generate an
electric signal that is transmitted to the plant. After the first stimulus, the
trap remembers the signal but does not close; after the second stimulus, the
trap snaps shut. Prey that is captured will repeatedly activate the trigger
hairs leading to repetitive electrical signals "remembered" by the
plant.
To date, no carnivory-specific genes have been identified in Venus
flytraps. To understand the molecular pathways involved in insect feeding,
researchers from Germany and Saudi Arabia generated genome-wide transcription
profiles of traps before and during feeding and compared them to other plant
tissues. Unstimulated traps have gene expression patterns that largely resemble
that of a leaf base, supporting the common assumption that traps are modified
leaves. However, the glands inside the trap, which promote insect digestion,
more closely resemble the expression pattern of roots, a tissue heavily involved
in nutrient uptake.
The researchers found that insect-stimulated traps upregulated enzymes
involved in digesting prey and also transporters for nutrient uptake. Tracking
the expression patterns of several hydrolases, the researchers determined that
hydrolase expression was induced within 1-2 hours of touch stimulation, and a
second stimulation event (mechanical or chemical) further amplified expression
of chitinase, an enzyme that digests chitin in insect exoskeletons.
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Para peneliti menemukan bahwa perangkap serangga - dirangsang yang diregulasi enzim yang terlibat dalam mencerna transporter mangsa dan juga untuk penyerapan nutrisi . Melacak pola ekspresi beberapa hidrolase , para peneliti menentukan bahwa ekspresi hidrolase diinduksi dalam waktu 1-2 jam dari stimulasi sentuhan , dan stimulasi kedua ( mekanik atau kimia) lebih memperkuat ekspresi kitinase , enzim yang mencerna kitin di exoskeletons serangga .
"Contact with chitin normally means danger for a plant -- that insects
will eat the plant," corresponding author Rainer Hedrich from the
University of Würzburg said. Comparing the global gene expression changes
during insect capture and digestion to the stress response of the model
organism, Arabidopsis, the researchers found several commonalities. Jasmonic
acid (JA), which is produced by non-carnivorous plants when they are wounded by
herbivores, is upregulated in insect-stimulated traps. "In the Venus
flytrap, these defensive processes have been reprogrammed during evolution. The
plant now uses them to eat insects," Hedrich said.
Unstimulated and stimulated traps both express receptor-like-kinases
(RLKs), which are used in chemical sensing in non-carnivorous plants,
suggesting Venus flytraps may be able to detect chemical changes related to
prey capture, in addition to touch sensitivity.
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Unstimulated dan perangkap dirangsang keduanya mengungkapkan reseptor - seperti - kinase ( RLKs ) , yang digunakan dalam penginderaan kimia dalam tanaman non - karnivora , hingga Venus flytraps mungkin dapat mendeteksi perubahan kimia yang terkait dengan menangkap mangsa , selain untuk menyentuh sensitivitas .
Of the upregulated transcripts that were predicted to be secreted, the
researchers were able to confirm all were actively secreted using proteomic
screening of the flytrap's digestive fluid. The researchers also used electron
microscopy to study the ultrastructure of the trap's glands, finding
specialized cell layers involved in active secretion, nutrient transport, lipid
energy stores, and protein biosynthesis necessary for trap function.
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1.
Bemm F, Becker D, Larisch C, Kreuzer I, Escalante-Perez M, Schulze WX,
Ankenbrand M, Van der Weyer A-LK, Krol E, Al-Rasheid KA, Mithöfer A, Weber AP,
Schultz J, Hedrich R. Venus flytrap carnivorous lifestyle builds on
herbivore defense strategies. Genome Res, 2016 DOI:10.1101/gr.202200.115
Sumber :
