T-REC NEWS 4 U: babies' brains

Otak bayi menunjukkan bahwa keterampilan sosial terkait dengan pembelajaran bahasa kedua--TREC-komunitas reprtil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

08.34

social skills

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Otak bayi menunjukkan bahwa keterampilan sosial terkait dengan pembelajaran bahasa kedua

Date:

July 27, 2015

Source:

University of Washington

Summary:

Bayi belajar bahasa terbaik dengan berinteraksi dengan orang-orang yang bukan pasif melalui video atau rekaman audio . Tapi sudah jelas apa aspek interaksi sosial membuat mereka begitu penting untuk belajar . Temuan baru menunjukkan untuk pertama kalinya bahwa perilaku sosial awal disebut tatapan pergeseran ini terkait dengan kemampuan bayi untuk belajar suara bahasa baru .

................ Temuan baru oleh para peneliti di Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences ( I- LABS ) di University of Washington menunjukkan untuk pertama kalinya bahwa perilaku sosial awal disebut tatapan pergeseran ini terkait dengan kemampuan bayi untuk belajar suara bahasa baru .

Bayi berusia sekitar 10 bulan yang terlibat dalam lebih tatapan pergeseran selama sesi dengan guru bahasa asing menunjukkan dorongan dalam respon otak yang menunjukkan pembelajaran bahasa , menurut penelitian , yang diterbitkan dalam edisi terbaru dari Developmental Neuropsikologi .....more




Babies' brains
show that social skills linked to second language learning

Date:

July 27, 2015

Source:

University of Washington

Summary:

Babies learn language best by interacting with people rather than passively
through a video or audio recording. But it's been unclear what aspects of
social interactions make them so important for learning. New findings
demonstrate for the first time that an early social behavior called gaze
shifting is linked to infants' ability to learn new language sounds.

....................

Babies learn language best by interacting with people rather than passively
through a video or audio recording. But it's been unclear what aspects of
social interactions make them so important for learning.

New findings by researchers at the Institute for Learning & Brain
Sciences (I-LABS) at the University of Washington demonstrate for the first
time that an early social behavior called gaze shifting is linked to infants'
ability to learn new language sounds.

Babies about 10 months old who engaged in more gaze shifting during
sessions with a foreign language tutor showed a boost in a brain response that
indicates language learning, according to the study, which is published in the
current issue of Developmental Neuropsychology.

"Our study provides evidence that infants' social skills play a role
in cracking the code of the new language," said co-author Patricia Kuhl,
co-director of I-LABS.

"We found that the degree to which infants visually tracked the tutors
and the toys they held was linked to brain measures of infant learning, showing
that social behaviors give helpful information to babies in a complex natural
language learning situation," Kuhl said.

Gaze shifting, when a baby makes eye contact and then looks at the same
object that the other person is looking at, is one of the earliest social
skills that babies show.

"These moments of shared visual attention develop as babies interact
with their parents, and they change the baby's brain," said co-author
Rechele Brooks, research assistant professor at I-LABS.

In an earlier report, Brooks and others showed that infant gaze shifting
serves as a building block for more sophisticated language and social skills as
measured in preschool children.

"Since gaze shifting is linked to a larger vocabulary in preschoolers,
we suspected that eye gaze might be important earlier when babies are first
learning the sounds of a new language, and we wanted to use brain measures to
test this," Brooks said.

In the experiment, 9.5-month-old babies from English-speaking households
attended foreign language tutoring sessions. Over four weeks, the 17 infants
interacted with a tutor during 12 25-minute sessions. The tutors read books and
talked and played with toys while speaking in Spanish.

At the beginning and end of the four-week period, researchers counted how
often the infants shifted their eye gaze between the tutor and the toys the
tutor showed the baby. 

After the tutoring sessions ended, the researchers brought the babies back
to the lab to see how much Spanish the babies had learned. This was measured by
their brain responses to English and Spanish sounds. The babies listened to a
series of language sounds while wearing an electroencephalography (EEG) cap to
measure their brain activity.

The results showed that the more gaze shifting the babies participated in
during their tutoring sessions, the greater their brain responses were to the
Spanish language sounds.

"Our findings show that young babies' social engagement contributes to
their own language learning -- they're not just passive listeners of
language," Brooks said. "They're paying attention, and showing
parents they're ready to learn when they're looking back and forth. That's when
the most learning happens."

The study builds on earlier work by Kuhl's team, which found that babies
from English-speaking households could learn Mandarin from live tutors, but not
from video or audio recordings of Mandarin and from other work at I-LABS
establishing the importance of infant eye gaze for language learning.

The researchers hope their findings help parents, caregivers and early
childhood educators develop strategies for teaching young children.

"Babies learn best from people," Brooks said. "During
playtime your child is learning so much from you. Spending time with your child
matters. Keeping them engaged -- that's what helps them learn language."

See a video example of gaze shifting:https://youtu.be/3ULXrVhMEts







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided byUniversity
of Washington. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Barbara T. Conboy, Rechele Brooks, Andrew N. Meltzoff, Patricia K.
Kuhl. Social Interaction in Infants’ Learning of Second-Language
Phonetics: An Exploration of Brain–Behavior Relations. Developmental
Neuropsychology, 2015; 40 (4): 216 DOI:10.1080/87565641.2015.1014487

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150727100024.htm

Gut worms melindungi otak bayi dari peradangan--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

09.24

inflammation

Gut worms  melindungi otak bayi dari peradangan

Date:

July 20, 2015

Source:

Duke University

Summary:

Gut worms can protect babies' brains from inflammation and long-term learning and memory problems caused by newborn infections, a new study on rats has shown. Expectant mother rats with tapeworms even passed the protective benefits on to their worm-free pups, the researchers found. The findings could point to new ways to prevent or treat the chronic brain inflammation linked to cognitive disorders like Alzheimer's disease, autism and depression.

Sebuah studi pada tikus menunjukkan, Gut worm  dapat melindungi otak bayi dari peradangan dan pembelajaran jangka panjang dan masalah memori  yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bayi baru lahir  . para peneliti menemukan , Tikus betina  hamil dengan tape worm bahkan lulus manfaat perlindungan pada worm-free pups  . Temuan ini bisa menunjukkan cara baru untuk mencegah atau mengobati radang otak kronis terkait dengan gangguan kognitif seperti penyakit Alzheimer , autisme dan depresi

................. Baby rats with tapeworms avoided the brain inflammation that plagued worm-free rats after exposure to immune triggers in adulthood.

What's more, the benefits began early, while still in the womb. Expectant mother rats with tapeworms passed similar protection on to their worm-free pups, the researchers found.

The findings could point to new ways to treat or prevent the chronic brain inflammation linked to cognitive disorders like Alzheimer's disease, autism and depression.

The study appears online in the journal Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

................. bayi Tikus  dengan tapeworm  menghindari radang otak yang dialami plagued worm-free rats  setelah terpapar pemicu kekebalan tubuh di masa dewasa .

Terlebih lagi , manfaat mulai awal , saat masih dalam kandungan . Tikus betina  hamil dengan tapeworm  melewati perlindungan yang sama kepada worm-free pups  , temuan para peneliti  .

Temuan bisa menunjukkan cara-cara baru untuk mengobati atau mencegah radang otak kronis terkait dengan gangguan kognitif seperti penyakit Alzheimer , autisme dan depresi .

Studi ini muncul secara online dalam jurnal Brain , Behavior , and Immunity ......more




Gut worms
protect babies' brains from inflammation

Date:

July 20, 2015

Source:

Duke University

Summary:

Gut worms can protect babies' brains from inflammation and long-term
learning and memory problems caused by newborn infections, a new study on rats
has shown. Expectant mother rats with tapeworms even passed the protective
benefits on to their worm-free pups, the researchers found. The findings could
point to new ways to prevent or treat the chronic brain inflammation linked to
cognitive disorders like Alzheimer's disease, autism and depression.

..........................

A Duke University study in rats finds that gut worms can protect babies'
brains from long-term learning and memory problems caused by newborn
infections.

Baby rats with tapeworms avoided the brain inflammation that plagued
worm-free rats after exposure to immune triggers in adulthood.

What's more, the benefits began early, while still in the womb. Expectant
mother rats with tapeworms passed similar protection on to their worm-free
pups, the researchers found.

The findings could point to new ways to treat or prevent the chronic brain
inflammation linked to cognitive disorders like Alzheimer's disease, autism and
depression.

The study appears online in the journal Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

Previous studies by Duke neuroscientist Staci Bilbo and colleagues showed
that when rats get bacterial infections at a very early age, even elsewhere in
the body, immune cells in their brains become hypersensitive to subsequent
infections and pump out a continuous stream of messenger molecules called
cytokines that can cause cognitive problems later in life.

But for Bilbo, who is an associate professor of psychology and neuroscience
and a member of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, something didn't quite
add up. Given how frequently bacterial infections strike, it was still unclear
why a single infection at the wrong time would send the brain's immune cells
into permanent overdrive.

"We have faced bacterial infections throughout our entire evolutionary
history, presumably also during the neonatal period," Bilbo said. "It
always seemed kind of strange that the immune system would have evolved to
overreact like that."

That got Bilbo thinking. "Maybe this isn't how the immune system
evolved to work," she said.

According to what scientists call the "Biome Depletion Theory,"
some autoimmune and inflammation-related diseases may be the result of too few
of the life forms that once lived in and on the body -- particularly gut worms
-- rather than too many.

Tapeworms, roundworms and other wormy companions have inhabited the warm
wet folds of animal intestines for more than 100 million years, bathing in a
constant supply of food and nutrients.

Over millions of years of co-existence, the theory goes, the immune system
learned to tolerate these live-in guests, and eventually adapted to work with
worms in mind.

The theory is that now, with worms gone from our guts, the body's natural
defenses can spiral out of control.

"Our bodies are essentially an ecosystem," said Duke immunologist
and study co-author William Parker.

Parker and Bilbo decided to see if restoring the internal ecosystem in the
gut could bring the brain's immune cells back in balance.

Laboratory rats are ideal for testing the idea, Parker said, because the
life of a lab rat is a remarkably clean one.

Scientists started breeding strains of rodents for laboratory experiments
about 150 years ago. These animals are housed exclusively indoors, where their
cages and bedding are regularly disinfected. A series of pumps and fans change
the cage air more than a dozen times an hour. They eat processed food and sip
treated water, and take deworming drugs and antibiotics to keep them free of
parasites and pathogens.

"In a real sense we've done the same things to our lab animals that
we've inadvertently done to ourselves," Parker said.

The researchers did a first set of experiments comparing worm-free lab rats
with rats that were raised on a farm where they were exposed to worms. When
they infected the rats with bacteria, they found that the farm-raised rats
avoided the damaging overproduction of cytokine proteins linked to cognitive
decline later in life.

"We didn't see the same hyper immune response in the brain,"
Bilbo said.

Next, the researchers studied two groups of rats in the lab. One group
consisted of typical lab rats whose guts were worm-free. The other group was
identical in diet, housing, exercise and genetics to the first, except they --
and their parents before them -- were deliberately given tapeworms.

Both groups were injected with E. coli bacteria when the
rats were newborns. Once the pups reached adulthood they were given a second
injection, this time with a chemical from the cell walls of bacteria known to
spring the immune system into action.

The researchers then monitored changes in the rats' brains and behavior to
see how they responded to the one-two punch.

The worm-free rats responded to the second immune challenge with the same
harmful outpouring of inflammatory cytokines seen in previous studies.

But the wormy rats, and also rats that were worm-free but born to
worm-infested parents, responded differently.

Notably, the immune cells in their brains were able to respond to the
second trigger without going into overdrive. They also didn't develop the same
memory problems later in life that their worm-free counterparts did.

Next, the researchers hope to figure out whether before or sometime after
birth is the optimal time for treatment.

"Pregnancy is such an interesting time for the immune system,"
Bilbo said. "Maybe that's why it worked so well. We just don't know
yet."







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Duke
University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Lauren L. Williamson, Erin A. McKenney, Zoie E. Holzknecht, Christine
Belliveau, John F. Rawls, Susan Poulton, William Parker, Staci D. Bilbo. Got
worms? Perinatal exposure to helminths prevents persistent immune sensitization
and cognitive dysfunction induced by early-life infection. Brain,
Behavior, and Immunity, 2015; DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.006

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150720145207.htm

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Otak bayi menunjukkan bahwa keterampilan sosial terkait dengan pembelajaran bahasa kedua--TREC-komunitas reprtil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

Gut worms melindungi otak bayi dari peradangan--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

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