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Sepertiga Hutan Kalimantan Rusak Sejak 1973--A third of Borneo Forests Damaged since 1973--indonesia--environment--news--T-REC semarang--komunitas reptil semarang





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Sepertiga Hutan Kalimantan Rusak Sejak 1973

A third of Borneo Forests Damaged since 1973




more than 30 percent of the tropical forests of Borneo have been destroyed during the last 40 due to fires, industrial logging and plantation industries





Sepertiga Hutan Kalimantan Rusak Sejak 1973

Hasil dari sebuah penelitian terbaru menunjukkan lebih dari 30 persen dari hutan tropis Kalimantan telah hancur selama 40 terakhir akibat kebakaran, industri penebangan kayu dan industri perkebunan.  Penelitian itu berdasarkan analisis yang paling komprehensif dari tutupan hutan Kalimantan sampai saat ini. Penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal PLOS ONE, menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari seperempat hutan dataran rendah Kalimantan masih tetap utuh.
Penelitian yang melibatkan tim peneliti internasional yang dipimpin oleh David Gaveau dan Erik Meijaard itu menggunakan analisis data satelit dan foto udara.  Metode itu memungkinkan para peneliti mengidentifikasi secara selektif hutan tanaman industri dari hutan alam. Penelitian itu juga memetakan jalur logging kayu pada berbagai ketinggian, membedakan antara hutan dataran rendah yang terancam punah dan hutan dataran tinggi yang tidak dapat dirambah.
Hasil penelitian itu cukup mengagetkan bagi para pegiat konservasi : hutan dataran rendah Kalimantan dengan tingkat keanekaragaman hayati tertinggi dan menyimpan karbon dalam jumlah terbesar, luasannya berkurang 73 persen selama periode tersebut.  Berkurangnya luasan hutan, karena 34 persennya akibat aktivitas tebang pilih, dan 39  persen telah benar-benar terbuka, yang biasanya dikonversi menjadi industri perkebunan pemasok kebutuhan global untuk kelapa sawit, kertas, dan kayu.
Menurut penelitian ini, Sabah, negara bagian paling timur di Malaysia, memiliki laju kerusakan hutan tinggi yaitu sebanyak 52 persen luas hutan dataran rendah yang dibuka dan 29 persen luasan hutan untuk aktivitas penebangan kayu.  Hanya 18 persen dari hutan dataran rendah yang masih utuh. Kerusakan hutan tertinggi ada empat propinsi di Indonesia yang merupakan 72 persen luas daratan Kalimantan.
Secara keseluruhan Kalimantan kehilangan 123.941 kilometer persegi selama periode tersebut, dengan menyisakan hutan seluas 22.865 km persegi di Sabah, 21.309 km persegi di Serawak, dan 378 km persegi hunta di Brunei. Dalam prosentase, Sabah kehilangan 40 persen hutannya, Kalimantan 31 persen, 23 persen Sarawak, dan Brunei 8 persen. Secara keseluruhan, kerusakan hutan Borneo dua kali lipat tingkat lebih tinggi dari sisa luasan hutan tropis dunia.
Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa aktivitas produksi komoditas menjadi faktor utama deforestasi di Kalimantan. Degradasi hutan dimulai dengan pembukaan jalur penebangan kayu, yang memberikan akses ke daerah-daerah terpencil untuk penebangan dan pengolahan kayu. Setelah kayu diambil, hutan diratakan untuk industri perkebunan. Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa bahkan hutan pegunungan yang sebelumnya tidak bisa dirambah,  sekarang mulai dibuka untuk diambil kayunya dan dikonversi untuk perkebunan.
“Konversi hutan mencakup pembukaan hutan untuk membangun industri kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis), dan untuk tingkat yang lebih rendah yaitu Akasia (Acacia spp) dan perkebunan tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis),” kata para penulis. “Pada tahun 2010, daerah yang ditanami untuk kawasan industri kelapa sawit seluas 64.943 km persegi dan hutan tanaman seluas 10.537 km persegi, yang merupakan 10 persen dari luas Kalimantan.”
Meskipun mudah terbiaskan oleh angka, studi ini memastikan dampak nyata aktivitas manusia terhadap hutan tropis Kalimantan, dimana sampai 50 tahun yang lalu dianggap hutan yang paling liar dan paling asli di planet ini, dan menjadi rumah bagi suku-suku nomaden, serta menjadi habitat bagi orangutan, gajah kerdil, dan badak.
Sekarang ini, tradisi suku-suku Kalimantan hampir punah, sama seperti badak , orangutan dan gajah yang diambang kepunahan.  Di sisi yang lain, hutan Kalimantan telah beralih dari penyerap karbon dan gas rumah kaca di atmosfer, menjadi sumber emisi karena deforestasi dan kebakaran hutan yang berkontribusi terhadap perubahan iklim.
Tapi meskipun situasinya menakutkan, peneliti belum kehilangan harapan. Mereka menyarankan reklasifikasi konsesi kayu di hutan alam sebagai kawasan lindung, dan memperkuat undang-undang yang mengharuskan hutan dikonservasi. Membatasi konversi hutan primer untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit merupakan prioritas penting,  dengan pengembangan dan penerapan sistem hutan konservasi, termasuk peran penting hutan dalam penyerapan karbon dan penyangga aliran air, yang akan mencegah erosi tanah dan banjir adalah. Hal itu yang sama pentingnya dengan potensi ekonomi kayu dan hasil hutan lainnya.
Rekomendasi peneliti tersebut telah dilakukan dalam upaya yang tengah dilakukan melalui pengembangan proyek-proyek konservasi karbon  dalam skema REDD+  di bawah Badan PBB. REDD+ bertujuan untuk memberikan pembiayaan berbasis kinerja dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan hutan tropis yang lebih baik. Akan tetapi skema REDD+ itu lambat pelaksanaannya karena timpangnya safeguards untuk masyarakat lokal, kompleksitas pelaksanaan, dan kurangnya kemauan politik untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim.
Selain REDD+, sebuah koalisi kelompok konservasi telah mendorong terbentuknya inisiatif  Heart of Borneo, yang berusaha untuk membuat  kawasan konservasi baru dan menghubungkan kawasan lindung yang ada di bagian tengah pulau. Tapi seperti REDD +, inisiatif tersebut juga terhenti. Inisiatif itu dianggap tidak cukup melindungi hutan tropis Kalimantan, seperti penegasan penelitian yang mengatakan Kalimantan menjadi pulau yang paling terancam punah. Dan data baru dari Global Forest Watch menunjukkan situasi itu mungkin semakin buruk.

http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/07/19/sepertiga-hutan-kalimantan-rusak-sejak-1973/

 


Serendipity di Smithsonian: 107-tahun 'perjalanan' kumbang Rhipidocyrtus muiri--T-REC semarang--komunitas reptil semarang

17.46



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Serendipity di Smithsonian: 107-tahun 'perjalanan' kumbang Rhipidocyrtus muiri





Serendipity at the Smithsonian: The 107-year 'journey' of the beetle Rhipidocyrtus muiri
Date:
July 14, 2014
Source:
Pensoft Publishers
Summary:
Serendipity leads scientists to the discovery and description of Rhipidocyrtus muiri -- a 107 year old, lost in collections specimen, which turned out to represent a new genus and species. The long and tortuous history of the enigmatic ripidiine wedge beetle from Borneo is discussed in a recent article.
....................
Serendipity leads University of Kansas scientists to the discovery and description of Rhipidocyrtus muiri -- a 107 year old, lost in collections specimen, which turned out to represent a new genus and species. The long and tortuous history of the enigmatic ripidiine wedge beetle from Borneo is discussed in a recent paper published in the open access journal ZooKeys.
The holotype male, and only known specimen of Rhipidocyrtus muiri, was collected 107 years ago in Borneo but subsequent to this it was transferred among several researchers in the early 1900s. The specimen was dissected and many portions slide mounted, but these were disassociated from the pinned body for more than a generation to be finally put together by chance in 2011 and described as a new genus and species 3 years after.
Taxa within the ripiphorid tribe Ripidiini are both evolutionarily fascinating and woefully under-described. All members whose biology is known are internal parasitoids of roaches as larvae, a lifestyle likely established at least 90 million years ago resulting in highly derived yet incredibly stable morphologies.
"While the tribe has been widely discussed recently, only a handful of extant species have been named in the last half century, leaving the true evolutionary breadth and depth of the clade poorly understood," comments the lead author Zachary H. Falin, University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute.
"The historical aspect of the type specimen itself and how it came to be described is indeed rather remarkable and deserves mention, if only to highlight the role of serendipity (and proper specimen curation) in systematics," he adds about the unusual circumstances of the discovery.
The crux of the story takes place in the Casey Room of the Smithsonian in January, 2011, though it begins with Frederick Muir's travels in Borneo in the summer of 1907.
"Muir, a quintessential field entomologist, traveled extensively in the Pacific region in the first quarter of the 20th Century. Reading accounts of his travels invokes an intense sense of wonder, adventure and nostalgia in all but the most jaded naturalists," explains Falin.
One of his epic adventures was a 38-month expedition (July, 1906 -- Sept., 1909) in search of sugarcane borer biological control agents. This outing led him back and forth from China to Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore and the current nations of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea, the expedition finally ending in Australia to recover from typhoid fever.
Indeed, it was in the midst of his 1906-1909 expedition, during a six week visit to the island of Borneo (July to September 1907), that Muir collected the specimen that is now recognized as Rhipidocyrtus muiri. Muir apparently deduced the creature's parasitic nature and had it sent to William D. Pierce (1881-1967) at the USDA office in Washington, DC.
A terse handwritten note associated with the specimen provides the barest of insights as to its early history while simultaneously revealing Muir's great interest in it: "This was left with Pierce and after his [Pierce's] leaving [~1918] Muir visited USNM [~1918] and got [E.A.] Schwarz to find it. Then in 1928 Muir again visited us and called attention of H.S.B. [Herbert S. Barber] [to the specimen] but [Muir] declined to take it back."
At some point the pinned specimen and its associated slides, vital for its taxonomic recognition, became separated. The pinned specimen travelled from Washington, DC to Kansas via Illinois while the slides remained "hidden" in a different section of the Smithsonian's vast collection.
It was only a happenstance encounter that led to the rediscovery and reassociation of the body and slide-mounted abdomen and other sclerites in 2011, and to its eventual description. It has taken yet another three years to come to fruition, but Muir's taxon, so deserving of a name, will finally receive one here, three institutions, at least five systematists, and approximately 107 years after its collection in the mountains of Borneo.

Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by Pensoft Publishers. The original story is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:
  1. Zachary Falin, Michael Engel. Serendipity at the Smithsonian: The 107-year journey of Rhipidocyrtus muiri Falin & Engel, new genus and species (Ripidiinae, Ripidiini), from jungle beast to valid taxon. ZooKeys, 2014; 424: 101 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.424.7853

 

Borneo monkeys lose a tenth of their habitat in a decade---T-REC semarang-komunitas reptil semarang

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Borneo monkeys lose a tenth of their habitat in a decade


Borneo monkeys lose a tenth of their habitat in a decade




mongabay.com
February 25, 2014

Four species of langurs monkeys that are endemic to Borneo lost more than a tenth of their habitat in just ten years, finds a study published in the journal Biodiversity and Conservation.

The study, conducted by David A. Ehlers Smith of Oxford Brookes University and the Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project at Universitas Palangka Raya, used distribution data for the Sarawak langur (Presbytis chrysomelas), the white-fronted langur (Presbytis frontata), Hose’s langur (Presbytis hosei) and the red langur (Presbytis rubicunda) and combined it with information on the forests types they are known to inhabit. Smith then assessed habitat loss using spatial data.

He found that the species lost an average of 13 percent of their habitat between 2000 and 2010. Palm oil, industrial timber plantations, and logging concessions were the biggest dangers for the monkeys.

"12.5 percent of all habitats were allocated for conversion to oil palm and industrial tree plantations, while logging concessions accounted for a mean 26.3 percent across distributions," wrote the researcher. "While the current protected area networks encompassed an average 33.4 percent of distributions, most PAs are underfunded, degraded and threatened by logging and mining operations."

Given the threats, Smith recommends zoning unallocated forest areas for new reserves within the distribution of Presbytis chrysomelas and Presbytis hosei sabana, the langurs that have lost the most habitat in recent years. He also urged greater study of the impact of logging operations on the monkeys.

"Even well-managed logging may be harmful since it often targets the tallest trees, which are vital to the monkeys' ecology," he said in a statement. "More research is needed to determine if these monkeys are negatively affected by well-managed logging concessions, which can be just as effective as protected areas at maintaining forest cover."

"To secure their future, the most endangered species need help first and new protected areas, that are well managed and away from areas of forest designated for economic activity, are needed."


CITATION: David A. Ehlers Smith. The effects of land-use policies on the conservation of Borneo’s endemic Presbytis monkeys. Biodiversity and Conservation. February 2014.








 
 
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