Rokok elektronik memfasilitasi berhenti merokok,--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

04.38

rokok elektronik

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Rokok elektronik memfasilitasi berhenti merokok,

Apakah rokok elektronik membantu perokok untuk berhenti? Ya, tapi ... Para peneliti menemukan bahwa sementara  rokok elektronik  yang mengandung nikotin lebih efektif daripada rokok elektronik tanpa nikotin (plasebo) dalam membantu perokok menghentikan kebiasaan itu, hasil perlu dikonfirmasi oleh studi lebih.

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Electronic cigarettes facilitate smoking cessation, new evidence shows

Date:

December 17, 2014

Source:

Wiley

Summary:

Do electronic cigarettes help smokers to quit? Yes, but… Researchers found that while nicotine containing electronic cigarettes were more effective than electronic cigarettes without nicotine (placebo) in helping smokers kick the habit, the results need to be confirmed by more studies.

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Do  electronic cigarettes help smokers to quit? Yes, but…

New Cochrane review finds emerging evidence that smokers who use electronic cigarettes can stop or reduce their smoking.

The first Cochrane review on this subject published today in the Cochrane Library gives some early insights in to electronic cigarettes as an aid to stopping smoking and reducing consumption. The review draws on two randomised trials and found that while nicotine containing electronic cigarettes were more effective than electronic cigarettes without nicotine (placebo) in helping smokers kick the habit, the results need to be confirmed by more studies. Smoking is a major global health problem, is costly and is highly addictive. Despite many smokers wanting to stop, few succeed in the long-term. One of the most widely used strategies to help combat the cravings associated with nicotine addiction is to deliver nicotine by patches and chewing gum.

Electronic cigarettes have been around in some form for a number of years but recently their popularity has increased substantially. Unlike chewing gum and patches, they mimic the experience of cigarette smoking because they are hand-held and generate a smoke-like vapour when used. They provide smokers with a nicotine 'hit' and help to recreate similar sensations of smoking without exposing them or others to the smoke from conventional cigarettes. They are used by many smokers but little has been known about how effective they are at helping people to stop, nor their long term effects.

The team of researchers from the UK and New Zealand found two randomised trials that had analysed data from 662 current smokers. The researchers looked at the effects of electronic cigarettes on quit rates and the number of people who were able to reduce the number of cigarettes they smoked by at least 50%. They also looked at any adverse effects reported by electronic cigarette users. The team also considered evidence from 11 observational studies.

The results show beneficial effects of electronic cigarettes, but are limited by the small number of trials and limited sample of people who were analysed in the studies. About 9% of smokers who used electronic cigarettes were able to stop smoking at up to one year. This compared with around 4% of smokers who used the nicotine-free electronic cigarettes. When the researchers looked at the data on reducing cigarettes in people who had not quit, they found that 36% of electronic cigarette users halved the number of conventional cigarettes. This compared with 28% of users who were given the placebos. Only one of the trials looked at the effects of electronic cigarettes compared with patches and this suggests similar efficacy of the two treatments. No serious adverse effects occurred over short to mid-term electronic cigarette use.

Author, and Professor of Clinical Psychology Peter Hajek, commented 'Although our confidence in the effects of electronic cigarettes as smoking cessation interventions is limited because of the small number of trials, the results are encouraging. Both trials used electronic cigarettes with low nicotine delivery and it is likely that more recent products are more effective as previous research suggests that higher and faster nicotine delivery facilitates treatment effects. Several ongoing studies will help to answer the question more fully."

Author, Jamie Hartmann-Boyce said, "electronic cigarettes have become popular with smokers who want to reduce the risk of smoking. None of the studies in this review found that smokers who used electronic cigarettes short-term (2 years or less) had an increased health risk compared to smokers who did not use electronic cigarettes. We did not find any evidence from observational studies that people who used electronic cigarettes at the same time as using regular cigarettes were less likely to quit smoking. Findings suggest electronic cigarettes with nicotine help people stop or reduce smoking when compared to electronic cigarettes without nicotine, but more studies are needed."

Cochrane's Editor in Chief, David Tovey said this is an important study. "This review provides a timely reminder of the challenges faced by smokers who find it hard to stop smoking. The results so far need to be strengthened with further comparisons between electronic cigarettes and other traditional ways of stopping smoking such as chewing gum and patches, and evidence on long term safety."

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Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Wiley. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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Journal Reference:

1.    Hayden McRobbie, Chris Bullen, Jamie Hartmann-Boyce, Peter Hajek. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, December 2014 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141217074327.htm

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E-rokok: Tidak ada asap, tidak ada bahaya? ---E-cigarettes: No smoke, no danger?---T-REC semarang--komunitas reptil semarang

09.17

tidak ada bahaya?

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E-cigarettes: No smoke, no danger?

E-cigarettes: No smoke, no danger?

Date:

April 2, 2014

Source:

Norris Cotton Cancer CenterDartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center

Summary:

Smokers turn to e-cigarettes to ease nicotine withdrawal, or to avoid harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke. But many use e-cigarettes in public spaces and regular cigarettes everywhere else. Quitting half-way won’t help. And researchers do not know that smokeless vapor is safe. E-cigarettes create an inhalable nicotine vapor by heating a liquid nicotine solution. While there are many different e-cigarette devices on the market, the basic parts of a typical device include a battery, a cartridge with nicotine (and possibly flavoring), and a heater that vaporizes the nicotine to be inhaled.

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Some believe e-cigarettes are less harmful than smoking tobacco since e-cigarette vapor doesn't contain the chemicals found in tobacco smoke. But we don't know a lot about the safety of these products, and long- term health risks from using e-cigarettes will not be known for many years. Norris Cotton Cancer Center researchers take a look at what we know about e-cigarettes and health.

E-cigarettes: how they work

E-cigarettes create an inhalable nicotine vapor by heating a liquid nicotine solution. While there are many different e-cigarette devices on the market, the basic parts of a typical device include a battery, a cartridge with nicotine (and possibly flavoring), and a heater that vaporizes the nicotine to be inhaled by the user. When the user puffs on the end of the device and creates a vacuum, a battery powers the heater and creates vapor, which then goes into a chamber. The vapor is drawn out of the end of the device and inhaled into the lungs.

Most e-cigarette devices are engineered to look like a cigarette, and they are used like a cigarette. Many even have a tip that lights up when a person is inhaling. Using an e-cigarette is called vaping. There is also a newly developing market for "e-Hookahs" or vaporizer pens for individuals who vaporize other substances such as herbs, marijuana, marijuana oils, and hashish waxes. These devices have the same mechanisms and risks as e-cigarettes.

Are all e-cigarettes the same?

No. E-cigarettes were invented by a pharmacist in China, and many of the first generation products continue to be produced there. There are now more than 400 e-cigarette devices in the U.S. market, including some manufactured in the U.S., and the newer products differ from the original. Early results suggest that the newer designs may be more like a cigarette, getting nicotine deeper into the lung with quicker absorption into the blood stream. This makes them more addictive, but may also make them a better substitute for cigarettes. The newest vaporizer pens are technically similar to an e-cigarette, but the contents of the cartridges, or what is consumed in the refills, likely varies dramatically from that in a "traditional" e-cigarette.

Will e-cigarettes help me quit?

Many people are purchasing e-cigarettes to use when trying to quit smoking, but we do not have good evidence that people quit smoking completely by using e-cigarettes. Using e-cigarettes can encourage "dual use:" smoking cigarettes and using e-cigarettes. Many will use e-cigarettes where smoking tobacco is not allowed, and smoke tobacco at other times. Since stopping smoking completely is the only way to limit the health consequences of smoking, we need to know if e-cigarettes help people quit or if they help more people put off quitting.

E-cigarettes, e-Hookahs, and vaporizers are completely unregulated by any agency, so their safety and effectiveness has not been tested. No one can say that they are safer than other tobacco products (such as non-combusted tobacco products). This is one major reason why public health officials are reluctant to tell people to use them.

Since the quality of each device may vary, and the nicotine dose that an individual user may receive varies with the brand, battery charge level, "e-juice," and experience of the user, it is hard to know how well any particular device works or what the user is inhaling. We have little information about the safety of vapors like propylene glycol when they are heated and directly inhaled, rather than eaten or used on the skin. The safety of many of the inhaled flavorings in the e-cigarette liquid is also not known; heating these flavorings could create new chemicals and byproducts. We don't know how safe it is to breathe "second hand vapor."

What are the dangers of using e-cigarettes?

Smokers considering e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking face a difficult personal choice. No public health official is going to issue a statement endorsing e-cigarette use for stopping smoking anytime soon. Yet, in theory, the exclusive use of e-cigarettes could be safer than smoking.

These theoretical benefits will be awarded to someone who uses e-cigarettes to completely quit smoking all products that burn tobacco -- cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, and pipes. Anyone who uses e-cigarettes and continues to use those other products is unlikely to greatly lower their risk of heart attack, cancer, or chronic lung disease. There are other forms of medicinal nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) that have been used for 17 years to help smokers quit. We know that these products help people successfully quit tobacco. Until we know more about e-cigarettes, these medicinal NRT products, combined with help from quit counselors or friends and family who have quit can help you become a non-smoker without tackling the remaining questions of e-cigarette safety.

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Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Norris Cotton Cancer CenterDartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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Cite This Page:

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Norris Cotton Cancer CenterDartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. "E-cigarettes: No smoke, no danger?." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 2 April 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140402111556.htm>.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140402111556.htm

 

 

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