Hepadnaviruses endogen , bornaviruses dan virus Circo pada ular--T-REC semarang--komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik--hepadnaviruses-bornaviruses-circo virus--berita artikel terkait seputar hepadnavirus bornavirus virus circo

09.42

snakes

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Hepadnaviruses endogen , bornaviruses dan virus Circo pada ular

C. Gilbert, J. M. Meik, D. Dashevsky, D. C. Card, T. A. Castoe, S. Schaack

Published 30 July 2014.DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1122

Abstract

.

Kami melaporkan penemuan unsur virus endogen / endogenous viral elements ( EVEs ) dari Hepadnaviridae , Bornaviridae dan Circoviridae pada speckled rattlesnake  , Crotalus mitchellii , ular  viperid pertama yang rakitan rancangan urutan genom keseluruhannya  tersedia . Analisis rancangan perakitan mengungkapkan fragmen genom dari tiga keluarga virus yang masuk  ke dalam genom ular ini selama 50 Myr .

Lintas-spesies PCR screening dari lokus orthologous dan pemindaian komputasi dari python dan genom king cobra mengungkapkan bahwa virus Circo terintegrasi paling baru ( kira-kira . 10 Myr ) , sedangkan bornaviruses dan hepadnaviruses terintegrasi setidaknya sekitar 13 dan sekitar 50 Ma , masing-masingnya.

Hal ini, bagi  pengetahuan kita , merupakan  laporan pertama dari circo- , borna- dan hepadnaviruses pada  ular dan karakterisasi pertama dari  non - retroviral EVEs pada non-avian reptiles . Studi kami memberikan jendela ke dalam dinamika sejarah virus dalam garis keturunan host  ini dan menunjukkan bahwa evolusi mereka terlibat multiple  host- switch antara mamalia dan reptil .

·         Received May 8, 2014.

·         Accepted July 4, 2014.

·         © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

More and Source  :

http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1791/20141122.abstract

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Seperti Apa ular terlihat pertama ?--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE--komunitas satwa eksotik

00.57

ular

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KSE – KOMUNITAS SATWA EKSOTIK – EXOTIC PETS COMMUNITY-- INDONESIA
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 KSE = KOMUNITAS SATWA EKSOTIK

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Seperti Apa ular terlihat  pertama  ?

Date:

May 19, 2015

Source:

BioMed Central

Summary:

Ular nenek moyang  adalah nokturnal , predator siluman - berburu yang memiliki hindlimbs kecil dengan pergelangan kaki dan jari kaki , menurut penelitian baru . Ular menunjukkan keragaman yang luar biasa , dengan lebih dari 3.400 spesies hidup yang ditemukan di berbagai habitat , seperti tanah , air dan di pohon-pohon . Tetapi sedikit yang diketahui tentang di mana dan kapan mereka berevolusi , dan bagaimana nenek moyang asli mereka tampak dan berperilaku .....read more

What did the first snakes look like?

Date:

May 19, 2015

Source:

BioMed Central

Summary:

The original snake ancestor was a nocturnal, stealth-hunting predator that had tiny hindlimbs with ankles and toes, according to new research. Snakes show incredible diversity, with over 3,400 living species found in a wide range of habitats, such as land, water and in trees. But little is known about where and when they evolved, and how their original ancestor looked and behaved.

.....................

The original snake ancestor was a nocturnal, stealth-hunting predator that had tiny hindlimbs with ankles and toes, according to research published in the open access journal BMC Evolutionary Biology.

The study, led by Yale University, USA, analyzed fossils, genes, and anatomy from 73 snake and lizard species, and suggests that snakes first evolved on land, not in the sea, which contributes to a longstanding debate. They most likely originated in the warm, forested ecosystems of the Southern Hemisphere around 128 million years ago.

Snakes show incredible diversity, with over 3,400 living species found in a wide range of habitats, such as land, water and in trees. But little is known about where and when they evolved, and how their original ancestor looked and behaved.

Lead author Allison Hsiang said: "While snake origins have been debated for a long time, this is the first time these hypotheses have been tested thoroughly using cutting-edge methods. By analyzing the genes, fossils and anatomy of 73 different snake and lizard species, both living and extinct, we've managed to generate the first comprehensive reconstruction of what the ancestral snake was like."

By identifying similarities and differences between species, the team constructed a large family tree and illustrated the major characteristics that have played out throughout snake evolutionary history.

Their results suggest that snakes originated on land, rather than in water, during the middle Early Cretaceous period (around 128.5 million years ago), and most likely came from the ancient supercontinent of Laurasia. This period coincides with the rapid appearance of many species of mammals and birds on Earth.

The ancestral snake likely possessed a pair of tiny hindlimbs, and targeted soft-bodied vertebrate and invertebrate prey that were relatively large in size compared to prey targeted by lizards at the time. While the snake was not limited to eating very small animals, it had not yet developed the ability to manipulate prey much larger than itself by using constriction as a form of attack, as seen in modern Boa constrictors.

While many ancestral reptiles were most active during the daytime (diurnal), the ancestral snake is thought to have been nocturnal. Diurnal habits later returned around 50-45 million years ago with the appearance of Colubroidea -- the family of snakes that now make up over 85% of living snake species. As colder night time temperatures may have limited nocturnal activity, the researchers say that the success of Colubroidea may have been facilitated by the return of these diurnal habits.

The results suggest that the success of snakes in occupying a range of habitats over their evolutionary history is partly due to their skills as 'dispersers'. Snakes are estimated to be able to travel ranges up to 110,000 square kilometres, around 4.5 times larger than lizards. They are also able to inhabit environments that traditionally hinder the dispersal of terrestrial animals, having invaded aquatic habitats multiple times in their evolutionary history.

---

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by BioMed Central. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

---

Journal Reference:

1.    Allison Y Hsiang, Daniel J Field, Timothy H Webster, Adam DB Behlke, Matthew B Davis, Rachel A Racicot, Jacques A Gauthier. The origin of snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record.BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2015; 15 (1) DOI:10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150519210253.htm

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Para ilmuwan menemukan jenis virus baru yang bertanggung jawab untuk penyakit yang merusak di ular--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

13.21

ular

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T-REC -TUGUMUDA REPTILES COMMUNITY-INDONESIA


More info :
www.trecsemarang2011.blogspot.com
minat gabung : ( menerima keanggotaan seluruh kota dan daerah di Indonesia )
08995557626
..................................
KSE – KOMUNITAS SATWA EKSOTIK – EXOTIC PETS COMMUNITY-- INDONESIA
Visit Our Community and Joint W/ Us....Welcome All Over The World
www.facebook.com/groups/komunitassatwaeksotik/
 KSE = KOMUNITAS SATWA EKSOTIK

MENGATASI KENDALA MINAT DAN JARAK

KAMI ADA DI TIAP KOTA DI INDONESIA
DETAIL TENTANG KSE-----KLIK : www.komunitassatwaeksotik-pendaftaran.blogspot.com

GABUNG......... ( menerima keanggotaan seluruh kota dan daerah di Indonesia )
HUBUNGI   :  089617123865

.........................

Para ilmuwan menemukan jenis virus baru  yang bertanggung jawab untuk penyakit yang merusak di ular

Sebuah kondisi misterius yang disebut penyakit tubuh inklusi menyerang constrictors boa dan python , menyebabkan perubahan perilaku aneh dan akhirnya mati . Para ilmuwan melaporkan mereka mungkin telah menemukan sebuah virus yang bertanggung jawab ...read more

Scientists discover new type of virus
responsible for a devastating disease in snakes

Date:

August 14, 2012

Source:

American Society for Microbiology

Summary:

A mysterious condition called inclusion body disease strikes captive boa
constrictors and pythons, causing bizarre behavioral changes and eventually
death. Scientists report they may well have found a virus that is responsible
for this common but deadly disease, a discovery that could eventually lead to
prevention and treatment options.

........................

A mysterious condition called Inclusion Body Disease (IBD) strikes captive
boa constrictors and pythons, causing bizarre behavioral changes and eventually
death. Scientists investigating an outbreak of IBD among snakes at the
Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco report they may well have found a virus
that is responsible for this common but deadly disease, a discovery that could
eventually lead to prevention and treatment options. The study appears in the
August 14 issue of mBio®, the online
open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology. The authors
report that the virus represents a whole new class of arenaviruses scientists
have never seen before.

Among captive boas, IBD is the most commonly diagnosed disease that is thought
to be caused by a virus. Snakes that have contracted IBD may initially
regurgitate food, but they eventually show dramatic neurological problems, says
Michael Buchmeier, a professor of infectious diseases at the University of
California, Irvine. Neurological signs include "stargazing," in which
the snake stares upwards for long periods of time.

"Some of the symptoms are pretty bizarre -- this stargazing behavior,
looking like they're drunk, they tie themselves in a knot and they can't get
out of it," says Buchmeier. The condition, which is named for the
inclusions, or pockets of foreign material, found inside the cells of affected
animals, is ultimately fatal. IBD is devastating for large aquariums, as it can
infect a large number of snakes before it is identified and quarantine measures
can be put in place. Since there is currently no treatment for the disease,
infected snakes must be euthanized to prevent them from infecting other
animals.

When the disease recently struck a number of boas and pythons at the
Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences, the aquarium
requested help from scientists at the University of California San Francisco
who specialize in discovering novel viruses.

The researchers extracted DNA from tissue samples taken from boas and
pythons diagnosed with IBD, and used rapid, high-throughput techniques to learn
the sequence of those strands of DNA. In amongst all the snake DNA sequences
there were sequences of DNA that clearly belonged to viruses -- viruses that
are members of the arenavirus family. The authors were later able to grow and
isolate one of those viruses using snake tissues cultured in the laboratory.

While it is an important development from a practical standpoint, since
identifying the causative agent for a disease is the first step in developing
treatments, vaccines, diagnostics, and prevention policies it is also an
incredible discovery for virology: the virus belongs to a group of viruses no
one knew existed.

"This is one of the most exciting things that has happened to us in
virology in a very long time. The fact that we have apparently identified a
whole new lineage of arenaviruses that may predate the New and Old world is
very exciting," says Buchmeier.

According to Buchmeier, this new isolate doesn't fall neatly into either of
the two known categories of arenaviruses, Old World arenaviruses and New World
arenaviruses. The fact that the virus was found in snakes adds another surprise
twist, since up until now arenaviruses had only ever been found in mammals.

Metagenomic techniques that examine large samples of DNA for small bits of
information, like the approach used in the study, are extremely powerful for
identifying new viruses, Buchmeier says.

"Twenty years ago we would have called this a fishing expedition. It
is fishing, but the techniques are so good and so sensitive that they allow us
to determine which new types are there," says Buchmeier.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by American Society for Microbiology. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Mark D. Stenglein, Chris Sanders, Amy L. Kistler, J. Graham Ruby, Jessica
Y. Franco, Drury R. Reavill, Freeland Dunker, and Joseph L. DeRisi. Identification,
Characterization, and In Vitro Culture of Highly Divergent Arenaviruses from
Boa Constrictors and Annulated Tree Boas: Candidate Etiological Agents for
Snake Inclusion Body Disease. mBio, July/August 2012 DOI:10.1128/mBio.00180-12

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120814085533.htm

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