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Penangkal universal untuk gigitan ular : percobaan eksperimental merupakan menuju langkah yang menjanjikan 

Date:

May 28, 2014

Source:

California Academy of Sciences

Summary:

Langkah lain yang menjanjikan telah dibuat untuk mengembangkan penangkal universal untuk gigitan ular . Hasil penelitian percontohan ini mengungkapkan temuan yang mendukung gagasan tim yang menyediakan pengobatan  - cepat kelola  , mudah ,dapat meningkatkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup korban gigitan ular berbisa ....read more

Universal antidote for snakebite:
Experimental trial represents promising step toward

Date:

May 28, 2014

Source:

California Academy of Sciences

Summary:

Another promising step has been made toward developing a universal antidote
for snakebite. The results of this pilot study revealed findings that support
the team's idea that providing fast, accessible, and easy-to-administer
treatment can increase survival rates in victims of venomous snakebite.

..........................

A team of researchers, led by Dr. Matthew Lewin of the California Academy
of Sciences and Dr. Stephen P. Samuel of Trinity College Dublin, Ireland has
taken another promising step toward developing a universal antidote for
snakebite. Last summer, the team tested the effectiveness of a nasally
administered antiparalytic drug on mice injected with high doses of Indian
cobra (Naja naja) venom. Mice injected
with otherwise fatal doses of venom outlived and in many cases survived after
being treated with the antiparalytic agent, neostigmine. These findings support
the team's idea that providing fast, accessible, and easy-to-administer
treatment can increase survival rates in victims of venomous snakebite.

The results of this pilot study were recently published in theJournal of
Tropical Medicine.

During the course of the experiment, separate groups of mice were given
varying doses of venom (all above lethal limits) and then treated with the
antiparalytic treatment at two different time intervals: within 1-2 minutes
after envenomation and 10 minutes after envenomation. 10 of 15 mice given the
lowest dose of venom, followed by the treatment within 10 minutes, survived and
later exhibited completely normal behavior, while 100 percent of control mice
died. In groups given higher doses of cobra venom (2 to 5 times the lethal
dose) all mice succumbed, but those treated with a single dose of neostigmine
survived significantly longer than the controls. Although the mice in this
experiment were each treated only once to maintain a consistent protocol, a nasally
administered antidote could, in practice, be administered multiple times
without needles. Inhibitors of other types of venom could be combined with
those working against paralysis to form a complete antidote. With many
combinations for potential testing, the team is now working intensively with
chemist and snake venom expert, Dr. Sakthivel Vaiyapuri of Reading University
in the United Kingdom, a co-author on the report.

"Antivenom is necessary, but not sufficient to manage this problem.
Its limitations are fairly well known at this point and we need a better bridge
to survival. It's ironic that virtually every medical organization and
practitioner wears the snake symbol, yet we have no real effective treatments
for the people getting bitten," says Dr. Lewin, Director of the Center for
Exploration and Travel Health at the Academy. "Ninety-eight percent of
snakebite victims live in poverty, which is perhaps why funding and innovation
are lacking. The bottom line is that no one should die from a snake bite in the
twenty-first century, and we're optimistic about this promising step."

The team initially demonstrated the potential of this novel snakebite
treatment during an experiment conducted in April of 2013 at the University of
California, San Francisco. In that experiment, a healthy human volunteer was
paralyzed, while awake, using a toxin that mimics the effects of the venom of
cobras and other snakes that disable their victims by paralysis. The
experimental paralysis progressed from eye muscle weakness to respiratory
distress in the same order typically seen in snakebite victims. The team then
administered the nasal spray and within 20 minutes the patient had recovered.
The results of this experiment were published in the medical journalClinical
Case Reports.

In late June of 2013, Samuel, Dr. C. Soundara Raj, and colleagues at TCR
Multispeciality Hospital in Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India accelerated the
recovery of a snakebite victim on life support using this method. After
receiving 30 vials of antivenom, the standard treatment for venomous
snakebites, the female patient remained weak and suffered from facial
paralysis. Within 30 minutes of treatment with the antiparalytic nasal spray,
the patient's facial paralysis was reversed. Two weeks after being treated, the
patient reported having returned to her daily activities.

As the head of the Academy's Center for Exploration and Travel Health,
Lewin prepares field medicine kits for the museum's scientific expeditions
around the world and often accompanies scientists as the expedition doctor. In
2011, Lewin assembled snakebite treatment kits for the Academy's Hearst
Philippine Biodiversity Expedition, which would have required scientists to
inject themselves if they were bitten. Lewin began to wonder if there might be
an easier way to treat snakebite in the field and began to explore the idea of
a quick and easy-to-administer nasal spray.

Snakebite is one of the most neglected of all tropical diseases, with
nearly 5 million people bitten by snakes each year. The number of fatalities
globally is up to 30 times that of land mines and comparable to AIDS in some
developing countries. In India alone, snakes kill approximately a third as many
people as AIDS and severely injure many more. It has been estimated that more
than 75 percent of snakebite victims who die do so before they ever reach the
hospital, predominantly because there is no easy way to treat them in the
field. Lewin's new approach may dramatically reduce the number of global
snakebite fatalities, currently estimated to be as high as 94,000 per year.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by California Academy of Sciences. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal References:

1.   
Matthew R. Lewin, Philip Bickler, Tom Heier, John Feiner, Lance Montauk,
Brett Mensh. Reversal of experimental paralysis in a human by
intranasal neostigmine aerosol suggests a novel approach to the early treatment
of neurotoxic envenomation. Clinical Case Reports, 2013; 1 (1):
7 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3

2.   
Matthew R. Lewin, Stephen P. Samuel, David S. Wexler, Philip Bickler,
Sakthivel Vaiyapuri, Brett D. Mensh. Early Treatment with Intranasal
Neostigmine Reduces Mortality in a Mouse Model of Naja naja (Indian Cobra)
Envenomation. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2014; 2014: 1
DOI: 10.1155/2014/131835

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140528105256.htm

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