Study venom Ular untuk pengembangan terapi penyakit jantung dan kanker--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

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Study venom Ular untuk pengembangan terapi penyakit jantung dan kanker

Para peneliti ingin mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang stroke dengan mempelajari bagaimana tubuh merespon racun  bisa ular  yang mereka harapkan akan membantu dalam pengembangan terapi untuk penyakit jantung dan, yang mengejutkan , kanker .....read more

Snake venom studies yield insights for
development of therapies for heart disease and cancer

Date:

July 30, 2010

Source:

American Society for
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Summary:

Researchers seeking to learn more about
stroke by studying how the body responds to toxins in snake venom are this week
releasing new findings that they hope will aid in the development of therapies
for heart disease and, surprisingly, cancer.

........................

Researchers seeking to learn more about stroke by studying how the body
responds to toxins in snake venom are releasing new findings that they hope
will aid in the development of therapies for heart disease and, surprisingly,
cancer.

The Japanese team is reporting in a Journal of Biological Chemistry "Paper
of the Week" that they are optimistic that inhibiting a protein found on
the surface of blood cells known as platelets may combat both irregular blood
clotting and the spread of certain cancers throughout the body.

"The finding that platelets not only play a role in blood clotting but
also in the development of vessels that allow tumors to flourish was quite
unexpected and paves the way for new research on the role or roles of
platelets," says Katsue Suzuki-Inoue, the associate professor at the University
of Yamanashi who oversaw the 13-person team's work in professor Yukio Ozaki's
laboratory.

About platelets, blood clots and stroke

Under normal conditions, platelets are activated to become sticky when
blood vessels are injured, and their clumping together (aggregation or
clotting) naturally stops bleeding. But, irregular platelet aggregation caused
by disease can lead to dangerous clots or even stroke if a clot clogs or bursts
in a vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain.

"When a blood clot, or thrombus, forms during the body's normal repair
process, it's doing its job," says Suzuki-Inoue. "But, thrombotic
diseases, such as heart attack and stroke, are leading causes of death in
developed countries. Understanding and manipulating the underlying chemical
reactions could help us save many lives."

But what does this have to do with snake venom? It's sort of a long story.

How venom can prevent or cause clotting

"Snake venom contains a vast number of toxins that target proteins in
platelets," says Yonchol Shin, an associate professor at Kogakuin
University who specializes in snake toxins. "Some of those toxins prevent
platelets from clotting, which can lead to profuse bleeding in snake bite
victims. Others, like the one we've focused this research on, potently activate
platelets, which results in blood clots. Identification of the molecular
targets of many of these toxins has made an enormous contribution to our
understanding of platelet activation and related diseases."

Intrigued by the then-recent discovery that elements in snake venom can
promote irregular aggregation of platelets -- the kind that leads to clots and
stroke -- Inoue's and Ozaki's team set out in 1997 to understand better the
molecular underpinnings of those chemical reactions. They hoped that whatever
they learned could be applied to the search for new therapies for irregular
blood clotting caused by disease.

In 2000, another set of investigators came across a protein on the surface
of platelets and dubbed it C-type lectin-like receptor 2, or CLEC-2. At the
time, it remained unclear how CLEC-2 was produced or what its job was, but the
team suspected it was worth further study.

After six years of research and collaborations with British investigators,
the team in 2006 discovered how rhodocytin -- a molecule purified from the
venom of the Southeast Asia pit viperCalloselasma rhodastoma --
binds to the CLEC-2 receptor protein on the platelet surface, spurring the
platelet to clot with others like it.

Then, in another JBC "Paper of the Week" in 2007, Suzuki-Inoue
and her colleagues reported how a separate molecule, called podoplanin, binds
to the CLEC-2 platelet receptor protein very much like the venom molecule does.
Discovered in 1990, podoplanin is a protein expressed on the surface of cancer
cells, and, when bound to the CLEC-2 receptor on platelets, it spurs blood
clotting, too.

"To shield themselves from the immune system, cancer cells send out a
chemical, podoplanin, which binds to the CLEC-2 receptor protein on platelets,
telling the platelets to get together and form a protective barrier around the
cancer cells. Once enveloped, the cancer cells are not detected by the immune
system and are able to bind to blood vessels' inner linings and spread, or
metastasize, throughout the body," she explained.

Using a mouse model, the team in 2008 showed that blocking the tumor
protein podoplanin from binding with the platelet receptor protein CLEC-2 could
prevent tumors from metastasizing to the lung.

From snake venom to platelets to tumors

The recent investigations by the team, published in the JBC online July 4,
hinged on the generation and study of genetically engineered mouse embryos that
lacked the platelet receptor protein CLEC-2. In the end, the experiments showed
that CLEC-2 is not only necessary for blood clotting but also necessary for the
development of a different type of vessel, specifically lymphatic vessels that
carry fluid away from tissues and prevent swelling, or edema.

"During fetal development, the CLEC-2 deficiency disturbed the normal
process of blood clotting and, in fact, the normal development and
differentiation of blood and lymphatic vessels," says Masanori Hirashima,
an associate professor at Kobe University. "They had disorganized and
blood-filled lymphatic vessels and severe swelling."

Podoplanin, Hirashima explains, is also expressed on the surface of certain
types of lymphatic cells and is known to play a role in the development of
lymphatic vessels: "These findings suggest that the interaction between
CLEC-2 and podoplanin in lymphatic vessels is necessary for the separation
between blood vessels and lymphatic vessels."

It has been known that tumors generate blood vessels to promote their
growth, and it's possible that the formation of lymphatic vessels also may
contribute to the spread of cancer throughout the body, says Osamu Inoue, an
assistant professor at the University of Yamanashi.

"We speculate that the interaction between the platelet's CLEC-2
protein and the podoplanin molecule in lymphatic cells plays an essential role
in the creation of lymphatic vessels, thereby facilitating tumor growth. If
this is the case, a drug that blocks that interaction would prevent the spread
of tumors through lymphatic vessels," Inoue said.

By being deemed a "Paper of the Week," the team's work is
categorized in the top 1 percent of papers reviewed by the JBC editorial board
in terms of significance and overall importance. Other contributors included
Guo Ding, Satoshi Nishimura, Kazuya Hokamura, Koji Eto, Hirokazu Kashiwagi,
Yoshiaki Tomiyama, Yutaka Yatomi and Kazuo Umemura.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
K. Suzuki-Inoue, O. Inoue, G. Ding, S. Nishimura, K. Hokamura, K. Eto, H.
Kashiwagi, Y. Tomiyama, Y. Yatomi, K. Umemura, Y. Shin, M. Hirashima, Y.
Ozaki. Essential in vivo roles of the c-type lectin receptor CLEC-2:
Embryonic/neonatal lethality of CLEC-2-deficient mice by blood/lymphatic
misconnections and impaired thrombus formation of CLEC-2-deficient platelets.Journal
of Biological Chemistry, 2010; DOI:10.1074/jbc.M110.130575

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100729172435.htm

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