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Sampel batuan dari Western US mengajarkan bagaimana untuk berburu kehidupan di Mars

Date:

October 1, 2015

Source:

University of Kansas

Summary:

berita datang pekan ini bahwa NASA telah mengkonfirmasi kehadiran air asin mengalir  di permukaan Mars , perburuan kehidupan di Planet Merah memiliki momentum baru . Sekarang ,sampel batuan Eocene  dari formasi Green River bisa memandu pencarian astrobiologi .

.............. berita datang pekan ini bahwa NASA telah mengkonfirmasi kehadiran  air asin mengalir di permukaan Mars , perburuan kehidupan di Planet Merah memiliki momentum baru .....more

"One of the many reasons this is exciting is that life as we currently know it requires water," said Alison Olcott-Marshall, assistant professor of geology at the University of Kansas. "So the fact that it's present at Mars means that the most basic and universal requirement for life was fulfilled."

" Salah satu dari banyak alasan menarik adalah bahwa kehidupan seperti yang kita tahu saat ini membutuhkan air , " kata Alison Olcott - Marshall , asisten profesor geologi di University of Kansas . " Jadi fakta bahwa itu hadir di Mars berarti bahwa kebutuhan yang paling dasar dan universal untuk kehidupan terpenuhi . ".....more

Rock samples
from Western US teach how to hunt for life on Mars

Date:

October 1, 2015

Source:

University of Kansas

Summary:

With news coming this week that NASA has confirmed the presence of flowing
saltwater on the surface of Mars, the hunt for life on the Red Planet has new
momentum. Now, Eocene rock samples from the Green River formation could guide
the search for astrobiology.

..................

The search for life beyond Earth is one of the grandest endeavors in the
history of humankind -- a quest that could transform our understanding of our
universe both scientifically and spiritually.

With news coming this week that NASA has confirmed the presence of flowing
saltwater on the surface of Mars, the hunt for life on the Red Planet has new
momentum.

"One of the many reasons this is exciting is that life as we currently
know it requires water," said Alison Olcott-Marshall, assistant professor
of geology at the University of Kansas. "So the fact that it's present at
Mars means that the most basic and universal requirement for life was
fulfilled."

In the journal Astrobiology, Olcott-Marshall recently has
published an analysis of Eocene rocks found in the Green River Formation, a
lake system extending over parts of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming.

Marshall and co-author Nicholas A. Cestari, a masters student in her lab,
found these Green River rocks have features that visually indicate the presence
of life, and they argue that probes to Mars should identify similar indicators
on that planet and double-check them through chemical analysis.

"Once something is launched into space, it becomes much harder to do
tweaks -- not impossible, but much, much harder," Olcott-Marshall said.
"Scientists are still debating the results of some of the life-detection
experiments that flew to Mars on the Viking Missions in the late '70s, in a
large part because of how the experiments were designed. Looking at Earth-based
analogs lets us get some of these bumps smoothed out here on Earth, when we can
revise, replicate and re-run experiments easily."

The researchers examined cored samples of rock from 50 million years ago
that included sections of "microbial mats."

"Microbial mats are essentially the microbial world's version of
apartment buildings -- they are layered communities of microbes, and each layer
represents a different metabolic strategy," Olcott-Marshall said.
"Generally, the photosynthetic microbes are at the top, and then every
successive layer makes use of the waste products of the level above. Thus, not
only does a microbial mat contain a great deal of biology, but a great number
of chemicals, pigments and metabolic products are made, which means lots of
potential biosignatures."

At times during the Eocene, the Green River Formation's water chemistry
purged fish and other organisms from the lake, providing room for these
microbes to thrive.

"During these times, 'microbialites' formed -- these are rocks thought
to be made by microbial processes, essentially the preserved remnants of
microbial mats. The Green River Formation has a wide variety of these
structures, and these features are why we went looking in these rocks, as
microbialites are one life-detection target on Mars."

First, the researchers visually inspected the cored samples for signs of
biology by identifying geological signs associated with microbialites -- such
as "stromatolites."

"These are things like finely laminated sediments, where each
lamination follows the ones below, or signs of cohesive sediment, things like
layers that roll over onto themselves or are at an angle steeper than what
gravity would allow," Olcott-Marshall said. "These are all thought to
be signs that microbes are helping hold sediment together."

If visual examination pointed to the presence of biology in sections of the
rock cores, the researchers looked to confirm the presence of life. They
powdered those rock samples in a ball mill, and then used hot organic solvents
like methanol to remove any organic carbons that might have been preserved in
the rocks. That solvent was then concentrated and analyzed with gas
chromatography/mass spectroscopy.

"GC/MS allows an identification of compounds, including organic
molecules, preserved in a rock," Olcott-Marshall said. "Viking was
the first time that a GC/MS was sent to Mars, and there is one up there right
now on Curiosity collecting data."

Through GC/MS, the researchers determined that rock structures appearing to
be biological indeed hosted living organisms millions of years ago: analysis
showed the presence of lipid biomarkers.

"A lipid biomarker is the preserved remnant of a lipid, or a fat, once
synthesized by an organism," Olcott-Marshall said. "These can be
simple or very complex. Different organisms make different lipids, so
identifying the biomarker can often allow a deeper understanding of the biota
or the environment present when a rock was formed. These are a type of
biosignature."

The researchers said their results could be a powerful guide for sample
selection on Mars.

"There is a GC/MS on Curiosity right now, but there are only nine
sample cups dedicated for looking for biomarkers like these,"
Olcott-Marshall said. "It's crucial those nine samples are ones most
likely to guarantee success.

Additionally, one of the goals of the planned 2020 rover mission is to
identify samples for caching for eventual return to Earth. The amount of sample
that can be returned is likely very small, thus, once again, doing our best to
guarantee success is very important. What this shows is that we can use visual
inspection to help us screen for these samples that are likely to be successful
for further biosignature analysis."

She said microbial and non-microbial rocks are found in similar
environments, with identical preservation histories for millions of years, and
many of the same chemical parameters, such as amounts of organic carbon
preserved in the rocks.

"The only difference is that one rock is shaped in a way people have
associated with biology, and sure enough, those rocks are the ones that seem to
preserve the biosignatures, at least in the Green River," she said.







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided byUniversity
of Kansas. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Alison Olcott Marshall, Nicholas A. Cestari. Biomarker Analysis of
Samples Visually Identified as Microbial in the Eocene Green River Formation:
An Analogue for Mars. Astrobiology, 2015; 15 (9): 770 DOI:10.1089/ast.2015.1339

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151001094817.htm

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