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Anjing laut
dan singa laut tuberkulosis mungkin menyebar ke manusia
Ilmuwan yang
mempelajari tuberkulosis telah lama memperdebatkan asal-usulnya. Penelitian
baru menunjukkan bahwa tuberkulosis kemungkinan menyebar dari manusia di Afrika
untuk anjing laut dan singa laut yang membawa penyakit ke Amerika Selatan dan
dikirim ke orang asli di sana sebelum orang Eropa mendarat di benua................
Seals and sea lions likely spread tuberculosis to humans
Date:
August 20,
2014
Source:
Arizona State University
Summary:
Scientists who study tuberculosis
have long debated its origins. New research shows that tuberculosis likely
spread from humans in Africa to seals and sea lions that brought the disease to
South America and transmitted it to Native people there before Europeans landed
on the continent.
..............................
Tuberculosis is one of the most persistent and deadliest
infectious diseases in the world, killing one to two million people each year.
Scientists
who study tuberculosis have long debated its origins. New research shows that
tuberculosis likely spread from humans in Africa to seals and sea lions that
brought the disease to South America and transmitted it to Native people there
before Europeans landed on the continent.
The paper,
"Pre-Columbian Mycobacterial Genomes Reveal Seals as a Source of New World
Human Tuberculosis," was published in Nature.
"We
found that the tuberculosis strains were most closely related to strains in
pinnipeds, which are seals and sea lions," said researcher Anne Stone,
Arizona State University School of Human Evolution and Social Change professor.
Stone and Johannes Krause of the University of Tubingen in Germany are
co-principal investigators on the project. Research teams from the Wellcome
Trust Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom and the Swiss Institute for
Tropical and Public Health were collaborators on the study.
"What
we found was really surprising. The ancient strains are distinct from any known
human-adapted tuberculosis strain," Stone added.
Modern
strains of tuberculosis currently circulating are most closely related to those
found in Europe, and there was a complete replacement of the older strains when
European disease reached the Americas during the age of exploration.
Researchers found that genomes from humans in Peru dating from about 1,000 year
ago provide unequivocal evidence that a member of the tuberculosis strain
caused disease in South America before Europeans arrived, so the question among
the scientists was, "What types of tuberculosis strains were present
before contact?"
"The
age of exploration is a time when people are moving really long distances
around the world and coming into contact with others. It's a time when a lot of
disease spread," Stone said. "This opens up a lot of new questions.
It fits the bioarcheological evidence that shows the oldest evidence for
tuberculosis in South America."
"The
connection to seals and sea lions is important to explain how a
mammalian-adapted pathogen that evolved in Africa around 6,000 years ago could
have reached Peru 5,000 years later," Krause said.
In the
study, researchers collected genetic samples from throughout the world and tested
those for tuberculosis DNA while utilizing advances in technology during the
past five years that enable more accurate genome capture from ancient samples.
Of 76 DNA samples from New World pre- and post-contact sites, three from Peru
around 750 to 1350 AD had tuberculosis DNA that could be used. The researchers
then focused on these three samples and used array-based capture to obtain and
map the complete genome.
These were
compared against a larger dataset of modern genomes and animal strains.
Research results showed the clear relationship to animal lineages, specifically
seals and sea lions.
"Our
results show unequivocal evidence of human infection caused by pinnipeds (sea
lions and seals) in pre-Columbian South America. Within the past 2,500 years,
the marine animals likely contracted the disease from an African host species
and carried it across the ocean to coastal people in South America," Stone
said.
Africa has
the most diversity among tuberculosis strains, implying that the pathogen
likely originated from the continent and spread. After tuberculosis was
established in South America, it may have moved north and infected people in
North America before European settlers brought new strains in.
"We
hypothesize that when the more virulent European strains came, they quickly
replaced the pinniped strains," Stone said.
"It was
a surprise for all of us to find that tuberculosis, formerly believed to have
spread around the world with ancient human migration events, is in fact a
relatively young disease,'' said Kelly Harkins, one of the study's first
authors and recent doctoral graduate from ASU's Center for Bioarchaeological
Research.
"A
compelling prospect for future research will be to determine the relationship
of these older forms to those currently circulating, and those isolated from
other ancient remains,"said Kirsten Bos, postdoctoral fellow at the
University of Tuebingen and another first author on the study.
Study
implications include a greater understanding of the speed and process of
adaptation when a disease changes hosts. This is especially of interest when
considering diseases that are transmitted between species -- MERS, SARS and HIV
-- and how these are spread, Stone added.
"Tuberculosis
is a disease that is on the rise again worldwide. This study and further
research will help us understand how the disease is transmitted and how the
disease may evolve," said Jane Buikstra, a collaborator on the study who
identified tuberculosis in most of the cases utilized in the research. Buikstra
is an ASU Regents' Professor and Director of the Center for Bioarchaeological
Research.
Story
Source:
The above
story is based on materials provided by Arizona State University. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.
Journal
Reference:
- Kirsten I. Bos, Kelly M. Harkins, Alexander Herbig, Mireia Coscolla, Nico Weber, Iñaki Comas, Stephen A. Forrest, Josephine M. Bryant, Simon R. Harris, Verena J. Schuenemann, Tessa J. Campbell, Kerrtu Majander, Alicia K. Wilbur, Ricardo A. Guichon, Dawnie L. Wolfe Steadman, Della Collins Cook, Stefan Niemann, Marcel A. Behr, Martin Zumarraga, Ricardo Bastida, Daniel Huson, Kay Nieselt, Douglas Young, Julian Parkhill, Jane E. Buikstra, Sebastien Gagneux, Anne C. Stone, Johannes Krause. Pre-Columbian mycobacterial genomes reveal seals as a source of New World human tuberculosis. Nature, 2014; DOI: 10.1038/nature13591
Cite This
Page:
Arizona State University.
"Seals and sea lions likely spread tuberculosis to humans."
ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 20 August 2014.
<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140820140023.htm>.
