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Apakah
empati pada manusia dan kera benar-benar berbeda? Belajar Efek 'Menguap menular'
Apakah
manusia adalah makhluk empatik masih dalam perdebatan. Dalam sebuah studi baru,
peneliti langsung membandingkan efek 'menguap menular' antara manusia dan
Bonobo--sepupu evolusioner kami terdekat. Dengan demikian mereka mampu langsung
membandingkan kemampuan empatik diri dengan spesies lain, dan menemukan bahwa
hubungan antara individu lebih penting untuk respon empatik mereka daripada fakta bahwa individu mungkin dari
spesies yang sama..............
Is empathy in humans and apes actually different? 'Yawn contagion' effect
studied
Date:
August 12,
2014
Source:
PeerJ
Summary:
Whether or not humans are the only
empathic beings is still under debate. In a new study, researchers directly
compared the 'yawn contagion' effect between humans and bonobos -- our closest
evolutionary cousins. By doing so they were able to directly compare the
empathic abilities of ourselves with another species, and found that a close
relationship between individuals is more important to their empathic response
than the fact that individuals might be from the same species.
.............................
Whether or not humans are the only empathic beings is still
under debate. In a new study, researchers directly compared the 'yawn
contagion' effect between humans and bonobos (our closest evolutionary
cousins). By doing so they were able to directly compare the empathic abilities
of ourselves with another species, and found that a close relationship between
individuals is more important to their empathic response than the fact that
individuals might be from the same species.
The ability
to experience others' emotions is hard to quantify in any species, and, as a
result, it is difficult to measure empathy in an objective way. The transmission
of a feeling from one individual to another, something known as 'emotional
contagion,' is the most basic form of empathy. Feelings are disclosed by facial
expressions (for example sorrow, pain, happiness or tiredness), and these
feelings can travel from an "emitting face" to a "receiving
face." Upon receipt, the mirroring of facial expressions evokes in the
receiver an emotion similar to the emotion experienced by the sender.
Yawn
contagion is one of the most pervasive and apparently trivial forms of
emotional contagion. Who hasn't been infected at least once by another person's
yawn (especially over dinner)? Humans and bonobos are the only two species in
which it has been demonstrated that yawn contagion follows an empathic trend,
being more frequent between individuals who share a strong emotional bond, such
as friends, kin, and mates. Because of this similarity, researchers sought to
directly compare the two species. Over the course of five years, they observed
both humans and bonobos during their everyday activities and gathered data on
yawn contagion by applying the same ethological approach and operational
definitions. The results of their research are published today in the
peer-reviewed journal PeerJ.
Two features
of yawn contagion were compared: how many times the individuals responded to
others' yawns and how quickly. Intriguingly, when the yawner and the responder
were not friends or kin, bonobos responded to others' yawns just as frequently
and promptly as humans did. This means that the assumption that emotional
contagion is more prominent in humans than in other species is not necessarily
the case.
However,
humans did respond more frequently and more promptly than bonobos when friends
and kin were involved, probably because strong relationships between humans are
built upon complex and sophisticated emotional foundations linked to cognition,
memory, and memories. In this case, the positive feedback linking emotional
affinity and the mirroring process seems to spin faster in humans than in
bonobos. In humans, such over-activation may explain the potentiated yawning
response and also other kinds of unconscious mimicry response, such as happy,
pained, or angry facial expressions.
In
conclusion, this study suggests that differences in levels of emotional
contagion between humans and bonobos are attributable to the quality of
relationships shared by individuals. When the complexity of social bonds,
typical of humans, is not in play, Homo sapiens climb down the tree of
empathy to go back to the understory which we share with our ape cousins.
Story
Source:
The above
story is based on materials provided by PeerJ. Note: Materials may be edited for content and
length.
Journal
Reference:
- Elisabetta Palagi, Ivan Norscia, Elisa Demuru. Yawn contagion in humans and bonobos: emotional affinity matters more than species. PeerJ, 2014; 2: e519 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.519
