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Mengapa zebra memiliki garis-garis ? suhu?

Salah satu pertanyaan alam yang menarik adalah bagaimana zebra mendapat garis-garis mereka . Sebuah tim ilmuwan telah menemukan setidaknya sebagian dari jawaban : Jumlah dan intensitas striping dapat  diprediksi oleh suhu lingkungan di mana zebra hidup .....read more

Why do zebras
have stripes? Temperature counts

Date:

January 30, 2015

Source:

University of
California - Los Angeles

Summary:

One of nature's
fascinating questions is how zebras got their stripes. A team of life
scientists has found at least part of the answer: The amount and intensity of
striping can be best predicted by the temperature of the environment in which
zebras live.

...................

one of nature's
fascinating questions is how zebras got their stripes.

A team of life scientists led by UCLA's Brenda Larison has found at least
part of the answer: The amount and intensity of striping can be best predicted
by the temperature of the environment in which zebras live.

In the January cover story of the Royal Society's online journal, Open
Science, the researchers make the case that the association between
striping and temperature likely points to multiple benefits -- including
controlling zebras' body temperature and protecting them from diseases carried
by biting flies.

"While past studies have typically focused their search for single
mechanisms, we illustrate in this study how the cause of this extraordinary
phenomenon is actually likely much more complex than previously appreciated,
with temperature playing an important role," said Thomas B. Smith,
professor of ecology and evolutionary biology in the UCLA College and senior
author of the research.

Larison, a researcher in UCLA's department of ecology and evolutionary
biology and the study's lead author, and her colleagues examined the plains zebra,
which is the most common of three zebra species and has a wide variety of
stripe patterns. On zebras in warmer climes, the stripes are bold and cover the
entire body. On others -- particularly those in regions with colder winters
such as South Africa and Namibia -- the stripes are fewer in number and are
lighter and narrower. In some cases, the legs or other body parts have
virtually no striping.

Zebras evolved from horses more than 2 million years ago, biologists have
found. Scientists have previously hypothesized that zebras' stripes evolved for
one, or a combination of, four main reasons: confusing predators, protecting
against disease-carrying insects, controlling body temperature and social
cohesion. And while numerous previous studies of the phenomenon focused on a
single hypothesis, the Larison-led study was the first to fully test a large
set of hypotheses against one another.

Analyzing zebras at 16 locations in Africa and considering more two dozen
environmental factors, the researchers found that temperature was the strongest
predictor of zebras' striping. The finding provides the first evidence that
controlling body temperature, or thermoregulation, is the main reason for the
stripes and the patterns they form.

Separate research by Daniel Rubenstein, a Princeton University professor of
ecology and evolutionary biology and a co-author of the Open Science paper, and
Princeton undergraduate Damaris Iriondo strongly suggests that boldly striped
zebras have external body temperatures about five degrees Fahrenheit cooler
than other animals of the same size -- like antelopes -- that do not have
stripes but live in the same areas. The Rubenstein study is not yet published,
but it is cited in the Open Science paper.

Larison has studied many zebras during her field work throughout Africa --
including in Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Using the fact
that their stripes are unique like fingerprints, she is able to distinguish one
zebra from another.

In addition to Rubenstein, arguably the world's leading expert on zebras,
the study's co-authors were Alec Chan-Golston and Elizabeth Li, former UCLA
undergraduates in mathematics; Ryan Harrigan, an assistant adjunct professor in
UCLA's Center for Tropical Research; and Henri Thomassen, a former UCLA
postdoctoral scholar and current research associate at the Institute for
Evolution and Ecology at Germany's University of Tübingen.

The research was supported by the National Geographic Society Committee for
Research and Exploration.

Larison and her research team have also collected zebra tissue samples and
have used cutting-edge technology to sequence zebra DNA to try to identify
which genes code for striping. The team is continuing to study the benefits
stripes provide.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by University
of California - Los Angeles. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.    B. Larison, R. J. Harrigan, H. A.
Thomassen, D. I. Rubenstein, A. M. Chan-Golston, E. Li, T. B. Smith. How
the zebra got its stripes: a problem with too many solutions. Royal
Society Open Science, 2015; 2 (1): 140452 DOI:10.1098/rsos.140452

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150130092923.htm

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