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Protein moluska 15 juta tahun lalu ditemukan
Para ilmuwan telah menemukan lembaran tipis protein 15 - juta tahun lalu . dalam fosil kerang dari Maryland selatan . Tim mengumpulkan sampel dari Calvert Cliffs , di sepanjang garis pantai dari Chesapeake Bay , area mengumpulkan fosil yang populer . Mereka menemukan kerang fosil moluska siput - Ecphora yang hidup di era pertengahan Miosen ...read more
15-million-year-old
mollusk protein found
Date:
February 5, 2015
Source:
Carnegie Institution
Summary:
Scientists have found
'beautifully preserved' 15-million-year-old thin protein sheets in fossil
shells from southern Maryland. The team collected samples from Calvert Cliffs,
along the shoreline of the Chesapeake Bay, a popular fossil collecting area.
They found fossilized shells of a snail-like mollusk called Ecphora that lived
in the mid-Miocene era.
....................
A team of Carnegie scientists
have found "beautifully preserved" 15 million-year-old thin protein
sheets in fossil shells from southern Maryland. Their findings are published in
the inaugural issue ofGeochemical
Perspectives Letters.
The team--John Nance, John Armstrong, George Cody, Marilyn Fogel, and
Robert Hazen--collected samples from Calvert Cliffs, along the shoreline of the
Chesapeake Bay, a popular fossil collecting area. They found fossilized shells
of a snail-like mollusk called Ecphora that lived in the mid-Miocene
era--between 8 and 18 million years ago.
Ecphora is known for an unusual reddish-brown shell color, making it one of
the most distinctive North American mollusks of its era. This coloration is
preserved in fossilized remains, unlike the fossilized shells of many other
fossilized mollusks from the Calvert Cliffs region, which have turned chalky
white over the millions of years since they housed living creatures.
Shells are made from crystalline compounds of calcium carbonate interleaved
with an organic matrix of proteins and sugars proteins and sugars. These
proteins are called shell-binding proteins by scientists, because they help
hold the components of the shell together.They also contain pigments, such as
those responsible for the reddish-brown appearance of the Ecphora shell. These
pigments can bind to proteins to form a pigment-protein complex.
The fact that the coloration of fossilized Ecphora shells is so well
preserved suggested to the research team that shell proteins bound to these
pigments in a complex might also be preserved. They were amazed to find that
the shells, once dissolved in dilute acid, released intact thin sheets of shell
proteins more than a centimeter across. Chemical analysis including
spectroscopy and electron microscopy of these sheets revealed that they are
indeed shell proteins that were preserved for up to 15 million years.
"These are some of the oldest and best-preserved examples of a protein
ever observed in a fossil shell," Hazen said.
Remarkably, the proteins share characteristics with modern mollusk shell
proteins. They both produce thin, flexible sheets of residue that's the same
color as the original shell after being dissolved in acid. Of the 11 amino
acids found in the resulting residue, aspartate and glutamate are prominent,
which is typical of modern shell proteins. Further study of these proteins
could be used for genetic analysis to trace the evolution of mollusks through
the ages, as well as potentially to learn about the ecology of the Chesapeake
Bay during the era in which Ecphora thrived.
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by Carnegie
Institution. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Natalya Lukoyanova, Stephanie C. Kondos,
Irene Farabella, Ruby H. P. Law, Cyril F. Reboul, Tom T. Caradoc-Davies,
Bradley A. Spicer, Oded Kleifeld, Daouda A. K. Traore, Susan M. Ekkel, Ilia
Voskoboinik, Joseph A. Trapani, Tamas Hatfaludi, Katherine Oliver, Eileen M.
Hotze, Rodney K. Tweten, James C. Whisstock, Maya Topf, Helen R. Saibil,
Michelle A. Dunstone. Conformational Changes during Pore Formation by
the Perforin-Related Protein Pleurotolysin. PLOS Biology, 2015;
13 (2): e1002049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002049
