Alat-alat batu prasejarah adalah residu hewan 500.000 tahun--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarangn--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

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Alat-alat batu prasejarah adalah  residu hewan 500.000 tahun

Di antara gajah 500.000 tahun  di situs Paleolitik di Revadim , Israel , arkeolog baru saja menganalisis '  kapak tangan  ' dan ' pencakar , ' alat-alat batu prasejarah universal berbentuk dan berukuran , penuh dengan residu hewan . Penelitian ini merupakan bukti langsung pertama diverifikasi secara ilmiah untuk penggunaan  dari alat-alat batu Paleolitik : untuk memproses bangkai hewan dan kulit ....read more

Prehistoric
stone tools bear 500,000-year-old animal residue

Date:

March 19, 2015

Source:

American Friends of
Tel Aviv University

Summary:

Among 500,000-year-old
elephant remains at a Lower Paleolithic site in Revadim, Israel, archaeologists
recently analyzed 'hand axes' and 'scrapers,' universally shaped and sized
prehistoric stone tools, replete with animal residue. The research represents
the first scientifically verified direct evidence for the precise use of
Paleolithic stone tools: to process animal carcasses and hides.

....................

some 2.5 million years
ago, early humans survived on a paltry diet of plants. As the human brain
expanded, however, it required more substantial nourishment -- namely fat and
meat -- to sustain it. This drove prehistoric man, who lacked the requisite
claws and sharp teeth of carnivores, to develop the skills and tools necessary
to hunt animals and butcher fat and meat from large carcasses.

Among elephant remains some 500,000 years old at a Lower Paleolithic site
in Revadim, Israel, Prof. Ran Barkai and his graduate students Natasha
Solodenko and Andrea Zupanchich of Tel Aviv University's Department of
Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures recently analyzed
"handaxes" and "scrapers," universally shaped and sized
prehistoric stone tools, replete with animal residue.

The research, published recently in PLOS ONE, represents the
first scientifically verified direct evidence for the precise use of
Paleolithic stone tools: to process animal carcasses and hides. The research
was done in collaboration with Drs. Stella Ninziante Cesaro and Cristina
Lemorini of La Sapienza, University of Rome, and Dr. Ofer Marder of Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev.

Putting the puzzle together

"There are three parts to this puzzle: the expansion of the human
brain, the shift to meat consumption, and the ability to develop sophisticated
technology to meet the new biological demands. The invention of stone
technology was a major breakthrough in human evolution," Prof. Barkai
said. "Fracturing rocks in order to butcher and cut animal meat represents
a key biological and cultural milestone.

"At the Revadim quarry, a wonderfully preserved site a half-million
years old, we found butchered animal remains, including an elephant rib bone
which had been neatly cut by a stone tool, alongside flint handaxes and
scrapers still retaining animal fat. It became clear from further analyses that
butchering and carcass processing indeed took place at this site."

Through use-wear analysis -- examining the surfaces and edges of the tools
to determine their function -- and the Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR)
residue analysis which harnesses infrared to identify signatures of prehistoric
organic compounds, the researchers were able to demonstrate for the first time
direct proof of animal exploitation by flint tools.

"Archaeologists have until now only been able to suggest scenarios
about the use and function of such tools. We don't have a time machine,"
Prof. Barkai said. "It makes sense that these tools would be used to break
down carcasses, but until evidence was uncovered to prove this, it remained
just a theory."

A prehistoric Swiss army knife

While the question of their function and production remained unanswered
until now, there was little doubt that the handaxe and scraper, found at
prehistoric sites all around the world, were distinct, used for specific
purposes. By replicating the flint tools for a modern butchering experiment,
and then comparing the replicas with their prehistoric counterparts, the
researchers determined that the handaxe was prehistoric man's sturdy
"Swiss army knife," capable of cutting and breaking down bone, tough
sinew, and hide. The slimmer, more delicate scraper was used to separate fur
and animal fat from muscle tissue.

"Prehistoric peoples made use of all parts of the animal," said
Prof. Barkai. "In the case of the massive elephant, for example, they
would have needed to use both tools to manage such a challenging task. The
knowledge of how to make these tools was precious, and must have been passed
along from generation to generation, because these tools were reproduced the
same way across great territorial expanses and over hundreds of thousands of
years.

"In this thousand-piece puzzle called archaeology, sometimes we find
pieces that connect other pieces together. This is what we have found with the
stone tools and animal bones."







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by American Friends of Tel Aviv
University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.    Natalya Solodenko, Andrea Zupancich,
Stella Nunziante Cesaro, Ofer Marder, Cristina Lemorini, Ran Barkai. Fat
Residue and Use-Wear Found on Acheulian Biface and Scraper Associated with
Butchered Elephant Remains at the Site of Revadim, Israel. PLOS ONE,
2015; 10 (3): e0118572 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0118572

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150319150753.htm

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