Bagaimana
virus menginfeksi bakteri
Date:
May 18, 2016
Source:
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Summary:
Bakteriofag adalah virus yang menginfeksi bakteri. Menggunakan state-of-the-art tools , para ilmuwan telah dijelaskan a million-atom 'tail' yang menggunakan bakteriofag melanggar permukaan bakteri. Terobosan ini memiliki implikasi besar bagi ilmu pengetahuan dan obat-obatan, seperti bakteriofag yang banyak digunakan dalam penelitian.
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Bakteriofag adalah virus yang menginfeksi bakteri. Menggunakan state-of-the-art tools , ilmuwan EPFL telah dijelaskan a million-atom "tail" yang bakteriofag gunakan untuk melanggar permukaan bakteri. Terobosan ini memiliki implikasi besar bagi ilmu pengetahuan dan obat-obatan, seperti bakteriofag yang banyak digunakan dalam penelitian.
Untuk menginfeksi bakteri, yang paling bakteriofag kerjakan menusuk 'tail' dan menembus membran bakteri untuk memungkinkan materi genetik virus untuk melewatinya . Ekor paling canggih terdiri dari selubung kontraktil sekitarnya mirip tabung dengan coil spring membentang pada skala nano. Ketika virus menempel pada permukaan bakteri, kontrak selubung dan mendorong tabung melalui itu . Semua ini dikendalikan oleh struktur baseplate a million-atom pada akhir ekor. ilmuwan EPFL sekarang telah menunjukkan, secara detail atom, bagaimana baseplate koordinat lampiran virus untuk bakteri dengan kontraksi selubung ekor ini. Terobosan ini telah menjadi sampul di Nature, dan memiliki implikasi penting bagi ilmu pengetahuan dan obat-obatan.
Fag secara luas didistribusikan di planet ini. Mereka menemani bakteri di mana-mana - di tanah, air, mata air panas, alga mekar, usus binatang dll - dan memiliki dampak yang dramatis pada keragaman populasi bakteri, termasuk misalnya, microbiome dari usus manusia. Fag juga alat yang sangat diperlukan dalam genetika dan biologi molekuler, dan bahkan sedang dikembangkan sebagai alternatif untuk antibiotik. Namun, mekanisme yang virus ini menempel pada sel inang mereka dan menyampaikan materi genetik mereka tetap kurang dipahami.
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How viruses
infect bacteria: A tale of a tail
Date:
May 18, 2016
Source:
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Summary:
Bacteriophages are
viruses that infect bacteria. Using state-of-the-art tools, scientists have
described a million-atom 'tail' that bacteriophages use to breach bacterial
surfaces. The breakthrough has major implications for science and medicine, as
bacteriophages are widely used in research.
..........................
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Using state-of-the-art
tools, EPFL scientists have described a million-atom "tail" that
bacteriophages use to breach bacterial surfaces. The breakthrough has major
implications for science and medicine, as bacteriophages are widely used in
research.
To infect bacteria,
most bacteriophages employ a 'tail' that stabs and pierces the bacterium's
membrane to allow the virus's genetic material to pass through. The most
sophisticated tails consist of a contractile sheath surrounding a tube akin to
a stretched coil spring at the nanoscale. When the virus attaches to the
bacterial surface, the sheath contracts and drives the tube through it. All
this is controlled by a million-atom baseplate structure at the end of the
tail. EPFL scientists have now shown, in atomic detail, how the baseplate
coordinates the virus's attachment to a bacterium with the contraction of the
tail's sheath. The breakthrough has made the cover of Nature, and
has important implications for science and medicine.
Phages are widely
distributed on the planet. They accompany bacteria everywhere -- in the soil,
water, hot springs, algal bloom, animal intestines etc -- and have a dramatic
impact on the diversity of bacterial populations, including for example, the
microbiome of the human gut. Phages are also indispensible tools in genetics
and molecular biology, and are even being developed as an alternative to antibiotics.
However, the mechanisms by which these viruses attach to their host cells and
deliver their genetic material remain poorly understood.
The laboratory of Petr
Leiman at EPFL has now created a detailed, atom-level model of the
transformation of a phage's baseplate, an important structure that controls the
phage's ability to find its target bacterium and attach to it, contract its
tail, and inject its DNA. The entire baseplate-tail-tube complex consists of
one million atoms, making up 145 chains of 15 different proteins, most of which
had to be modeled from scratch. To do this, Leiman's lab used the
state-of-the-art equipment of the Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics
(C-CINA) at the University of Basel and the computing resources of EPFL's High
Performance Computing department.
The scientists were
also able to identify a minimal set of molecular components in the baseplate
that work together like miniature gears to control the activity of the virus's
tail. These components, and the underlying functional mechanism, are the same
across many viruses and even bacteria that use similar tail-like structures to
inject toxins into neighboring cells.
"These findings
are important for our understanding of how these contractile tail-like systems
work," says Leiman. "But they also set a benchmark for the complexity
of biological systems that can be described at the atomic level." The
human body contains almost as many bacteria as human cells (30-40 trillion),
and the human gut microbiota will likely represent an important target for
personalized medicine in the future. "It is clear that we need to
understand the detailed mechanisms by which these bacteria interact with each
other and how phages are involved in these interactions."
Story Source:
The above post is
reprinted from materials provided by Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1.
Nicholas M. I. Taylor, Nikolai S. Prokhorov, Ricardo C. Guerrero-Ferreira,
Mikhail M. Shneider, Christopher Browning, Kenneth N. Goldie, Henning
Stahlberg, Petr G. Leiman. Structure of the T4 baseplate and its
function in triggering sheath contraction. Nature, 2016; 533
(7603): 346 DOI: 10.1038/nature17971
sumber :