keluar pegunungan , matematis , di bulan Jupiter Io
Mekanisme Novel gunung - bangunan di Io juga mungkin telah dioperasikan pada awal Bumi Oleh Diana Lutz 17 Mei 2016
Date:
May 17, 2016
Source:
Washington University in St. Louis
Summary:
Pegunungan yang tampak aneh di bulan terdalam Jupiter , Io , yang dibuat dengan proses tektonik yang unik untuk Io ( dan mungkin awal Bumi ) , menunjukkan percobaan numerik .
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Gunung bukan hal pertama yang mencengangkan Anda ketika Anda melihat gambar bulan terdalam Jupiter , Io . Tapi begitu Anda menyerap di lava belerang yang meletus dari 400 gunung berapi aktif , Anda mungkin mengalihkan perhatian Anda ke gundukan yang tersebar dan benjolan yang berubah , pada pemeriksaan lebih dekat , menjadi versi Io untuk pegunungan, ada sekitar sekitar 100 dari mereka , dan mereka tidak terlihat sesuatu seperti gunung berapi dataran rendah .
They also don't look like mountains on our home world. While we favor
majestic ranges stretching from horizon to horizon, the mountains on Io are
isolated peaks of great height that jut up out of nowhere. From space, they
look rather like the blocky chips in the fancier kind of chocolate chip cookie.
Mereka juga tidak terlihat seperti pegunungan di bumi . Sementara kita mendukung rentang megah membentang dari cakrawala ke cakrawala , pegunungan di Io adalah puncak terisolasi tinggi besar yang menganjur entah dari mana . Dari ruang angkasa , mereka terlihat agak seperti blocky chip dari chocolate chip cookie .
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Squeezing out
mountains, mathematically, on Jupiter's moon Io
Novel mountain-building mechanism on Io may also have operated on early
Earth By Diana Lutz May 17, 2016
Date:
May 17, 2016
Source:
Washington University in St. Louis
Summary:
The odd-looking
mountains on Jupiter's innermost moon, Io, are made by a tectonic process
unique to Io (and maybe the early Earth), suggests a numerical experiment.
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Mountains aren't the first thing that hit you when you look at images of
Jupiter's innermost moon, Io. But once you absorb the fact that the moon is slathered
in sulfurous lava erupted from 400 active volcanoes, you might turn your
attention to scattered bumps and lumps that turn out, on closer inspection, to
be Io's version of mountains.There are about 100 of them, and they don't look
anything like the low lying volcanoes.
They also don't look
like mountains on our home world. While we favor majestic ranges stretching
from horizon to horizon, the mountains on Io are isolated peaks of great height
that jut up out of nowhere. From space, they look rather like the blocky chips
in the fancier kind of chocolate chip cookie.
For planetary
geophysicists like William McKinnon, professor of earth and planetary science
in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, the mountains of
Io are an intriguing puzzle. By what process consistent with everything that is
known about Io could these bizarre mountains have formed?
Since Io buries the
evidence of its tectonic processes under a continually refreshed coating of
lava (adding 5 inches a decade), the scientists have turned increasingly to
computer simulations to solve the problem. In the May 16 online advance issue
of Nature Geoscience, McKinnon and Michael T. Bland, a research
space scientist at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center in Flagstaff, Ariz.,
publish a computer model that is able to make numerical mountains that look
much like the jutting rock slabs on Io.
Putting the squeeze on
"The planetary
community has thought for a while that Io's mountains might be a function of
the fact that it is continuously erupting lava over the entire sphere,"
McKinnon said. "All that lava spewed on the surfaces pushes downward and,
as it descends, there's a space problem because Io is a sphere, so you end up
with compressive forces that increase with depth."
McKinnon and his
former student, Paul Schenk, now at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in
Houston, wrote a paper explaining this hypothesis in 2001.
The numerical
experiment described in Nature Geoscience tests this
hypothesis through simulation. "People have been squeezing planetary
interiors forever to see what happens," McKinnon said, "but we're
applying the squeeze differently, because on Io compression increases with
depth; the surface is not in compression. We thought we could mimic this by
beveling in the edges of a box, squeezing it as you might an accordion.
The simulations show that the strain localizes to a single fracture, or
fault, that starts deep in the lithosphere and rips through the rock all the
way to the surface. When it breaches the surface, it actually overshoots,
forming a scarp, or cliff, and stretching the surface of the overhanging block.
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Simulasi menunjukkan bahwa strain melokalisasi
untuk fraktur tunggal , atau kesalahan , yang dimulai jauh di dalam litosfer
dan robekan melalui batu semua jalan ke permukaan . Ketika melanggar permukaan , itu
benar-benar melampaui , membentuk lereng curam , atau tebing , dan
peregangan permukaan blok menjorok .
"It's a neat
demonstration of how things might actually work," McKinnon said.
It might explain, for
example, why there are often recent eruptions near mountains.
"The compressive
forces deep in the crust are incredibly high," Mckinnon said. "When
these faults breach the surface, those forces are released, and the entire
stress environment around the fault changes, providing a pathway for magma to erupt."
The model might also
explain why the mountains are associated with shallow, irregular depressions
called patera. "When the stress environment changes," McKinnon said,
"a magma chamber can form at midlevel in the crust. When this magma surfaces
along the fault, the crust above the chamber collapses, forming the
patera."
The model of mountain
building also explains some of the "extensional" tectonic features on
Io, such as "pull apart" mountains. These are mountains that have
split in two parts that have shifted with respect to one another.
It might even explain
a subtle feature of Io: the anti-correlation between mountains and volcanoes.
"If you look at a
big map of Io," McKinnon said, "there are concentrations of mountains
and concentrations of volcanoes, and they kind of nest into one another. Even
though mountains and volcanoes are often found together, if you look at all of
the mountains and all of the volcanoes, they're anti-correlated. It's a
peculiarity of Io."
Why might this be?
It's not just the increasing weight of the overlying lava that puts the deep
crust in compression McKinnon said, but also the increasing temperature.
"Heating at depth causes the rocks to want to expand, and since there's no
room to expand, you again get compressive forces," he said.
As long as the
volcanoes are erupting, they carry this heat away and thermal stresses are low,
reducing the likelihood of mountain formation. But if volcanism stops, the
crust heats up, thermal stresses increase, and mountain formation becomes more
likely.
Was Earth once like
Io?
If all of this seems
very alien, it is. "It's a novel mountain-forming mechanism that we don't
see elsewhere in the solar system," McKinnon said.
"But the same
kind of thing could have happened on Earth, when it was very young and entirely
covered by a shallow ocean," McKinnon said.
"Because there
was still lots of volcanism, mountains like those on Io might have burst
through the ocean. They might have been the first emergent land on Earth,"
McKinnon said.
So Io might be a time
portal to the early Earth.
Story Source:
The above post is
reprinted from materials provided byWashington
University in St. Louis. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1.
Michael T. Bland, William B. McKinnon. Mountain building on Io
driven by deep faulting. Nature Geoscience, 2016; DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2711
sumber :