Sejarah genetik Ice Age Eropa
Date:
May 2, 2016
Source:
Howard Hughes Medical
Institute
Summary:
Analisis DNA purba dari manusia prasejarah melukiskan gambaran perubahan populasi yang dramatis di Eropa dari 45.000 ke 7.000 tahun yang lalu , menurut sebuah studi baru . Data genetik baru mengungkapkan dua perubahan besar dalam populasi manusia prasejarah yang terkait erat dengan akhir Zaman Es terakhir sekitar 19.000 tahun yang lalu .
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Analisis DNA purba dari manusia prasejarah melukiskan gambaran perubahan populasi yang dramatis di Eropa dari 45.000 ke 7.000 tahun yang lalu , menurut sebuah studi baru yang dipimpin oleh Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator David Reich at Harvard Medical School.
Data genetik baru yang dipublikasikan 2 Mei 2016 di Nature , mengungkapkan dua perubahan besar dalam populasi manusia prasejarah yang terkait erat dengan akhir Zaman Es terakhir sekitar 19.000 tahun yang lalu . Sebagai lapisan es yang mundur , Eropa kembali dihuni oleh manusia oleh manusia prasejarah dari Eropa daya (misalnya , Spanyol ) . Kemudian , dalam acara kedua sekitar 14.000 tahun yang lalu , populasi dari tenggara ( mis , Turki , Yunani ) menyebar ke Eropa , menggusur kelompok pertama manusia .
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The genetic
history of Ice Age Europe
Date:
May 2, 2016
Source:
Howard Hughes Medical
Institute
Summary:
Analyses of ancient DNA from prehistoric humans paint a picture of dramatic
population change in Europe from 45,000 to 7,000 years ago, according to a new
study. The new genetic data reveal two big changes in prehistoric human
populations that are closely linked to the end of the last Ice Age around 19,000
years ago.
..................
Analyses of ancient DNA from prehistoric humans paint a picture of dramatic
population change in Europe from 45,000 to 7,000 years ago, according to a new
study led by Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator David Reich at
Harvard Medical School.
The new genetic data, published May 2, 2016 in Nature, reveal
two big changes in prehistoric human populations that are closely linked to the
end of the last Ice Age around 19,000 years ago. As the ice sheet retreated,
Europe was repopulated by prehistoric humans from southwest Europe (e.g.,
Spain). Then, in a second event about 14,000 years ago, populations from the
southeast (e.g., Turkey, Greece) spread into Europe, displacing the first group
of humans.
Archeological studies have shown that modern humans swept into Europe about
45,000 years ago and caused the demise of the Neanderthals, indicated by the
disappearance of Neanderthal tools in the archaeological record, explained
Reich. The researchers also knew that during the Ice Age -- a long period of
time that ended about 12,000 years ago, with its peak intensity between 25,000
and 19,000 years ago -- glaciers covered Scandinavia and northern Europe all
the way to northern France. As the ice sheets retreated beginning 19,000 years
ago, prehistoric humans spread back into northern Europe.
But prior to this study, there were only four samples of prehistoric
European modern humans 45,000 to 7,000 years old for which genomic data were
available, which made it all but impossible to understand how human populations
migrated or evolved during this period. "Trying to represent this vast
period of European history with just four samples is like trying to summarize a
movie with four still images. With 51 samples, everything changes; we can
follow the narrative arc; we get a vivid sense of the dynamic changes over
time," said Reich. "And what we see is a population history that is
no less complicated than that in the last 7,000 years, with multiple episodes
of population replacement and immigration on a vast and dramatic scale, at a
time when the climate was changing dramatically."
The genetic data show that, beginning 37,000 years ago, all Europeans come
from a single founding population that persisted through the Ice Age, said
Reich. The founding population has some deep branches in different parts of
Europe, one of which is represented by a specimen from Belgium. This branch
seems to have been displaced in most parts of Europe 33,000 years ago, but
around 19,000 years ago, a population related to it re-expanded across Europe,
Reich explained. Based on the earliest sample in which this ancestry is
observed, it is plausible that this population expanded from the southwest,
present-day Spain, after the Ice Age peaked.
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Data genetik menunjukkan bahwa , mulai 37.000 tahun yang lalu , semua orang Eropa berasal dari populasi pendiri tunggal yang bertahan melalui Zaman Es , kata Reich . Populasi pendiri memiliki beberapa cabang yang mendalam di berbagai bagian Eropa , salah satunya diwakili oleh spesimen dari Belgia . Cabang ini tampaknya telah mengungsi di sebagian besar Eropa 33.000 tahun yang lalu , namun sekitar 19.000 tahun yang lalu , populasi yang berkaitan dengan itu kembali mrmperluas di seluruh Eropa , Reich menjelaskan . Berdasarkan sampel awal di mana nenek moyang ini diamati , adalah masuk akal bahwa populasi ini diperluas dari daya , kini Spanyol , setelah Ice Age memuncak .
The second event that the researchers detected happened 14,000 years ago.
"We see a new population turnover in Europe, and this time it seems to be
from the east, not the west," said Reich. "We see very different
genetics spreading across Europe that displaces the people from the southwest
who were there before. These people persisted for many thousands of years until
the arrival of farming."
The researchers also detected some mixture with Neanderthals, around 45,000
years ago, as modern humans spread across Europe. The prehistoric human
populations contained three to six percent of Neanderthal DNA, but today most
humans only have about two percent. "Neanderthal DNA is slightly toxic to
modern humans," explained Reich, and this study provides evidence that
natural selection is removing Neanderthal ancestry.
The study was an equal collaboration of David Reich's laboratory with the
laboratories of Svante Pääbo and Johannes Krause, which worked together to
extract and analyze the DNA from these ancient bones. Ancient specimens are
frequently contaminated with microbial DNA, as well as DNA from archaeologists
or lab technicians who have handled the specimens.
To get around these problems, the research team used a technique called
in-solution hybrid capture enrichment. The team used about 1.2 million
52-base-pair DNA sequences corresponding to positions in the human genome that
they were interested in as bait to target specific segments of DNA. After they
washed the ancient DNA over the 1.2 million probe sequences, the researchers
sequenced the ancient DNA that was captured by the probes.
To eliminate contamination that may have been introduced from handling the
specimens, the researchers restricted analysis of many of the samples to
sequences that had characteristic lesions of ancient DNA -- a cytosine to
uracil error at the beginning of the sequence. Modern DNA typically does not
have these errors, so contamination can be avoided by restricting the analysis
to the sequences that do have them, said Reich.
"The ability to obtain genome-scale data from ancient bones is a new
technology that's only been around for the last five or six years," Reich
emphasized. "It's a new scientific instrument that makes it possible to
look at things that have not been looked at before."
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Howard
Hughes Medical Institute. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.
Journal Reference:
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Qiaomei Fu, Cosimo Posth, Mateja Hajdinjak, Martin Petr, Swapan Mallick,
Daniel Fernandes, Anja Furtwängler, Wolfgang Haak, Matthias Meyer, Alissa
Mittnik, Birgit Nickel, Alexander Peltzer, Nadin Rohland, Viviane Slon, Sahra
Talamo, Iosif Lazaridis, Mark Lipson, Iain Mathieson, Stephan Schiffels, Pontus
Skoglund, Anatoly P. Derevianko, Nikolai Drozdov, Vyacheslav Slavinsky,
Alexander Tsybankov, Renata Grifoni Cremonesi, Francesco Mallegni, Bernard
Gély, Eligio Vacca, Manuel R. González Morales, Lawrence G. Straus, Christine
Neugebauer-Maresch, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Silviu Constantin, Oana Teodora Moldovan,
Stefano Benazzi, Marco Peresani, Donato Coppola, Martina Lari, Stefano Ricci,
Annamaria Ronchitelli, Frédérique Valentin, Corinne Thevenet, Kurt Wehrberger,
Dan Grigorescu, Hélène Rougier, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Damien Flas, Patrick
Semal, Marcello A. Mannino, Christophe Cupillard, Hervé Bocherens, Nicholas J.
Conard, Katerina Harvati, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Dorothée G. Drucker, Jiří
Svoboda, Michael P. Richards, David Caramelli, Ron Pinhasi, Janet Kelso, Nick
Patterson, Johannes Krause, Svante Pääbo, David Reich. The genetic
history of Ice Age Europe. Nature, 2016; DOI:10.1038/nature17993
Sumber :