Bagaimana
kupu-kupu mendapatkan pola sayap
Date:
June 15, 2016
Source:
Cornell University
Summary:
Dengan mengutak-atik hanya satu atau dua gen, peneliti Cornell University telah mengubah pola pada sayap kupu-kupu. Ini bukan hanya sebuah bentuk seni baru, tapi petunjuk utama untuk memahami bagaimana kupu-kupu telah berevolusi, dan mungkin bagaimana pola warna - dan pola lain dan bentuk - telah berevolusi dalam spesies lainnya.
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Dengan mengutak-atik hanya satu atau dua gen, peneliti Cornell University telah mengubah pola pada sayap kupu-kupu. Ini bukan hanya sebuah bentuk baru seni, tapi petunjuk utama untuk memahami bagaimana kupu-kupu telah berevolusi, dan mungkin bagaimana pola warna - dan pola lain dan bentuk - telah berevolusi dalam spesies lainnya.
Dengan menggunakan metode baru editing CRISPR genom, para peneliti memotong gen yang dikenal sebagai spalt, dan menghasilkan kupu-kupu tanda bulat besar yang dikenal sebagai eyespots. Dalam eksperimen lain, mereka dihapus gen yang dikenal sebagai distal- dan menghasilkan lebih banyak dan lebih besar eyespots. Percobaan juga menghasilkan perubahan di bagian lain dari desain sayap.
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How the
butterfly got its spots
Date:
June 15, 2016
Source:
Cornell University
Summary:
By tweaking just one
or two genes, Cornell University researchers have altered the patterns on a
butterfly's wings. It's not just a new art form, but a major clue to
understanding how the butterflies have evolved, and perhaps to how color
patterns -- and other patterns and shapes -- have evolved in other species.
.........................
By tweaking just one or two genes, Cornell
University researchers have altered the patterns on a butterfly's wings. It's
not just a new art form, but a major clue to understanding how the butterflies
have evolved, and perhaps to how color patterns -- and other patterns and
shapes -- have evolved in other species.
By using the new method of
CRISPR genome editing, researchers cut out a gene known as spalt, and produced
a butterfly lacking the large round markings known as eyespots. In another
experiment, they removed a gene known as distal-less and produced more and
larger eyespots. The experiments also produced changes in other parts of the
wing design.
The distal-less gene in
particular revealed itself as a jack-of-all-trades gene that plays roles in
shaping several parts of the body. Deleting it not only caused the butterfly to
have extra eyespots, but to have shorter legs and antennae.
"People suspected
these genes had something to do with wing patterns but nobody had proved
it," said Robert Reed, associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology.
"It probably takes dozens or hundreds of genes to make an eyespot, so it
was remarkable to find that only one or two genes are required to add or
subtract these complex patterns. It is a beautiful demonstration of how animals
are assembled as modules, much like a model kit." Reed and postdoctoral
researcher Linlin Zhang report their results in the TK issue of the journal Nature
Communications.
Butterfly wing patterns are
of special interest to evolutionary biologists because they provide an easily accessible
model of how natural selection chooses from many possible variations.
"Variation is the raw material of evolution," Reed said. CRISPR
genome editing technology offers great potential for understanding how this
variation originates he added.
Butterfly wing designs can
be a defense against predators. Some butterflies are poisonous to birds (or
maybe just taste bad) and birds can learn to recognize the designs that say
"I'm not good to eat." Other butterflies have evolved to mimic dangerous
species. The large round markings on some butterfly and moth wings have come to
be called "eyespots" because the spread out wings of the insect may
look to a predator like the face of something big and dangerous. The designs
also influence mate selection.
The researchers worked with
the butterflies Vanessa cardui, known as the "Painted Lady" or
"Cosmopolitan" and Junonia coenia, the "Buckeye." Their
work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted
from materials provided
by Cornell University. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Linlin Zhang, Robert
D. Reed. Genome editing in butterflies
reveals that spalt promotes and Distal-less represses eyespot colour patterns. Nature
Communications, 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11769