jabat
tangan hidup yang pertama : molekul chiral terdeteksi di ruang antar bintang/
interstellar space
Date:
June 14, 2016
Source:
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Summary:
Sebuah tim ilmuwan menggunakan teleskop radio yang sangat sensitif telah menemukan molekul kompleks chiral kiral organik pertama di ruang antar bintang. Molekul, propilena oksida (CH3CHOCH2), ditemukan di dekat pusat galaksi kita di awan pembentuk bintang besar debu dan gas yang dikenal sebagai Sagittarius B2.
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Seperti sepasang tangan manusia, molekul organik tertentu memiliki versi bayangan cermin dari diri mereka sendiri, properti kimia yang dikenal sebagai chirality. Ini disebut "tangan" molekul penting untuk biologi dan telah menggugah rasa ingin tahu yang telah ditemukan di meteorit di Bumi dan komet di tata surya kita. Tidak ada, bagaimanapun, telah terdeteksi dalam mencapai luas ruang antar bintang, sampai sekarang.
Sebuah tim ilmuwan menggunakan teleskop radio yang sangat sensitif telah menemukan molekul kompleks kiral organik pertama di ruang antar bintang. Molekul, propilena oksida (CH3CHOCH2), ditemukan di dekat pusat galaksi kita di awan pembentuk bintang besar debu dan gas yang dikenal sebagai Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2).
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Life's first
handshake: Chiral molecule detected in interstellar space
Date:
June 14, 2016
Source:
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Summary:
A team of scientists
using highly sensitive radio telescopes has discovered the first complex
organic chiral molecule in interstellar space. The molecule, propylene oxide
(CH3CHOCH2), was found near the center of our Galaxy in an enormous
star-forming cloud of dust and gas known as Sagittarius B2.
.........................
Like a pair of human hands, certain
organic molecules have mirror-image versions of themselves, a chemical property
known as chirality. These so-called "handed" molecules are essential
for biology and have intriguingly been found in meteorites on Earth and comets
in our Solar System. None, however, has been detected in the vast reaches of
interstellar space, until now.
A team of scientists using
highly sensitive radio telescopes has discovered the first complex organic
chiral molecule in interstellar space. The molecule, propylene oxide
(CH3CHOCH2), was found near the center of our Galaxy in an enormous
star-forming cloud of dust and gas known as Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2).
The research was undertaken
primarily with the National Science Foundation's Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in
West Virginia as part of the Prebiotic Interstellar Molecular Survey.
Additional supporting observations were taken with the Parkes radio telescope
in Australia.
"This is the first
molecule detected in interstellar space that has the property of chirality,
making it a pioneering leap forward in our understanding of how prebiotic
molecules are made in the Universe and the effects they may have on the origins
of life," said Brett McGuire, a chemist and Jansky Postdoctoral Fellow
with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Charlottesville,
Virginia.
"Propylene oxide is
among the most complex and structurally intricate molecules detected so far in
space," said Brandon Carroll, a chemistry graduate student at the
California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. "Detecting this molecule
opens the door for further experiments determining how and where molecular
handedness emerges and why one form may be slightly more abundant than the
other."
McGuire and Carroll share
first authorship on a paper published today in the journal Science. They also are presenting their
results at the American Astronomical Society meeting in San Diego, California.
Forming and Detecting
Molecules in Space
Complex organic molecules
form in interstellar clouds like Sgr B2 in several ways. The most basic pathway
is through gas-phase chemistry, in which particles collide and merge to produce
ever more complex molecules. Once organic compounds as large as methanol
(CH3OH) are produced, however, this process becomes much less efficient.
To form more complex
molecules, like propylene oxide, astronomers believe thin mantles of ice on
dust grains help link small molecules into longer and larger structures. These
molecules can then evaporate from the surface of the grains and further react
in the gas of the surrounding cloud.
To date, more than 180
molecules have been detected in space. Each molecule, as it naturally tumbles
and vibrates in the near vacuum of the interstellar medium, gives off a
distinctive signature, a series of telltale spikes that appear in the radio
spectrum. Larger and more complex molecules have a correspondingly more complex
signature, making them harder to detect.
To claim a definitive
detection, scientists must observe multiple spectral lines associated with the
same molecule. In the case of propylene oxide, the research team detected two
such lines with the GBT. The third was at a frequency difficult to observe from
the Northern Hemisphere due to satellite radio interference. Carroll, McGuire,
and their colleagues used the Parkes telescope to tease out the final spectral
line needed to verify their results.
The current data, however,
do not distinguish between the left- and right-handed versions of the molecule.
In additional to the same chemical composition, chiral molecules have the same
melting, boiling, and freezing points, and the same spectra. "These
spectra are like your hands' shadows," said Carroll. "It's impossible
to tell if a right hand or a left hand is casting the shadow." This
presents a challenge for researchers trying to determine if one version of
propylene oxide is more abundant than the other.
Chirality in Space, a
Helping Hand to Biology on Earth
Every living thing on Earth
uses one, and only one handedness of many types of chiral molecules. This
trait, called homochirality, is critical for life and has important
implications for many biological structures, including DNA's double helix.
Scientists do not yet understand how biology came to rely on one handedness and
not the other. The answer, the researchers speculate, may be found in the way
these molecules naturally form in space before being incorporated into
asteroids and comets and later deposited on young planets.
"Meteorites in our
Solar System contain chiral molecules that predate the Earth itself, and chiral
molecules have recently been discovered in comets," noted Carroll.
"Such small bodies may be what pushed life to the handedness we see
today."
"By discovering a
chiral molecule in space, we finally have a way to study where and how these
molecules form before they find their way into meteorites and comets, and to
understand the role they play in the origins of homochirality and life,"
McGuire said.
The researchers believe it
may eventually be possible to determine if there is an excess of one handedness
of propylene oxide over the other by examining how polarized light interacts
with the molecules in space.
"The Prebiotic
Interstellar Molecular Survey is the culmination of a nearly decade-long
research campaign with the GBT," said Anthony Remijan, an astrochemist
with the NRAO and head of the research team. "It is an invaluable resource
and helps us understand the cosmic origins of this and other similarly elusive
molecules."
The 100-meter Green Bank
Telescope is the world's largest fully steerable radio telescope.
The National Radio
Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation,
operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted
from materials provided
byNational Radio Astronomy Observatory. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. B. McGuire &
P.B. Carroll et al. Discovery of the interstellar
chiral molecule propyleneoxide (CH3CHCH2O). Science,
2016 DOI:10.1126/science.aae0328