mangsa satu ular adalah racun bagi lainnya : Para ilmuwan menunjukkan genetika perlawanan ekstrim
Date:
June 9, 2016
Source:
Virginia Tech
Summary:
Para ilmuwan telah menemukan bahwa nenek moyang ular garter memperoleh resistant-racun saraf hampir 40 juta tahun yang lalu .
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ular garter bisa berterima kasih pada nenek moyang mereka untuk kemampuan untuk chow down pada kadal beracun dan hidup untuk menceritakan kisah tersebut .
ular garter umum , bersama dengan empat spesies ular lainnya , telah berevolusi kemampuan untuk makan spesies sangat beracun seperti kadal berkulit kasar - berkat setidaknya 100 juta tahun evolusi , menurut Joel McGlothlin , asisten profesor ilmu biologi di College of Science dan afiliasi Fralin Life Science Institute .
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One snake's prey
is another's poison: Scientists pinpoint genetics of extreme resistance
Date:
June 9, 2016
Source:
Virginia Tech
Summary:
Scientists have found
that the ancestors of garter snakes gained toxin-resistant nerves almost 40
million years ago.
...................
A select group of garter snakes can thank their ancestors for the ability
to chow down on a poisonous newt and live to tell the tale.
Common garter snakes,
along with four other snake species, have evolved the ability to eat extremely
toxic species such as the rough-skinned newt--amphibians that would kill a
human predator--thanks to at least 100 million years of evolution, according to
Joel McGlothlin, an assistant professor of biological sciences in the College
of Science and a Fralin Life Science Institute affiliate.
The nature of that
evolution was recently established by McGlothlin's team and will be published
June 20 in the journalCurrent Biology.
The international team
of researchers discovered that the ability to withstand the toxin that the newt
produces evolved following a 'building blocks' pattern, where an evolutionary
change in one gene can lead to changes in another.
In this case, over
time, amino acids in three different sodium channels found in nerves and muscle
changed, allowing select snakes to resist the numbness and paralysis typically
brought on by the toxin.
Resistant muscle gives
snakes the best protection against the newt's toxin, but there's a catch:
resistant muscle can only evolve in species that already have resistant nerves.
McGlothlin's team found that the ancestors of garter snakes gained
toxin-resistant nerves almost 40 million years ago.
"Garter snakes
and newts are locked in a coevolutionary arms race where as the newts become
more toxic, the snakes become more resistant," said McGlothlin, who is
also affiliated with the Global Change Center at Virginia Tech. "However,
without the leg-up provided by those resistant nerves, snakes wouldn't have
been able to withstand enough toxin to get this whole process started."
This arms race is most
intense in pocketed regions along the West Coast, where rough-skinned newts and
garter snakes co-exist.
McGlothlin and his
team sequenced three sodium channel genes found in 82 species (78 snakes, 2
lizards, 1 bird, and 1 turtle) and mapped the changes they found to
evolutionary trees to date when toxic resistance emerged in each. They found
that, as time went on, some groups of snakes built up more and more resistance
to the toxin. These changes always happened in the same order, with resistant
nerves evolving before resistant muscle.
The next step is to
see if this pattern is a general phenomenon in other species. A few bird
species can also eat the newt and survive. McGlothlin and his team recently
received a grant from the National Science Foundation to test whether birds
have built up resistance in the same way as snakes.
This work is not just
relevant to understanding what snakes have for dinner. "We think that the
garter snake's evolved resistance to the newt's toxin can be used as a model
for understanding complex adaptations that involve more than one gene,"
McGlothlin said.
"This study
provides insight into the stepwise evolution of an ecologically important trait
(resistance to prey toxins), and revealed that the adaptive benefit of changes
to individual components of the trait were contingent on antecedent changes in
other components," said Jay Storz, the Susan J. Rosowski Professor of
Biology at the University of Nebraska who was not involved in the research.
"This discovery has general significance for understanding the evolution
of complex traits."
Story Source:
The above post is
reprinted from materials provided by Virginia
Tech. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1.
Joel W. McGlothlin , Megan E. Kobiela , Chris R. Feldman , Todd A. Castoe ,
Shana L. Geffeney , Charles T. Hanifin , Gabriela Toledo , Freek J. Vonk ,
Michael K. Richardson , Edmund D. Brodie Jr. , Michael E. Pfrender , Edmund D.
Brodie III. Historical Contingency in a Multigene Family Facilitates
Adaptive Evolution of Toxin Resistance.Current Biology, 2016
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.056