Neanderthal gunakan api di gua-gua
Date:
June 1, 2016
Source:
CNRS
Summary:
jauh di dalam Bruniquel Cave, di Tarn et Garonne wilayah barat daya Prancis, satu set struktur buatan manusia 336 meter dari pintu masuk baru-baru ini tertanggal sebagai berusia sekitar 176.500 tahun. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahwa manusia mulai menempati gua-gua jauh lebih awal daripada yang diperkirakan sebelumnya: sampai sekarang penggunaan tertua gua resmi terbukti hanya 38.000 tahun (Chauvet). Hal ini juga peringkat struktur Bruniquel antara yang pertama dalam sejarah manusia. Selain itu, jejak acara api bahwa Neanderthal awal, jauh sebelum Homo sapiens, tahu bagaimana menggunakan api beredar di ruang tertutup jauh dari siang hari.
...................
Jauh di dalam Bruniquel Cave, di Tarn et Garonne wilayah barat daya Prancis, satu set struktur buatan manusia [1] 336 meter dari pintu masuk baru-baru ini tertanggal sebagai berusia sekitar 176.500 tahun. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahwa manusia mulai menempati gua-gua jauh lebih awal daripada yang diperkirakan sebelumnya: sampai sekarang penggunaan gua resmi tertua terbukti hanya 38.000 tahun (Chauvet). Hal ini juga peringkat struktur Bruniquel antara yang pertama dalam sejarah manusia. Selain itu, jejak acara api bahwa Neanderthal awal, jauh sebelum Homo sapiens, tahu bagaimana menggunakan api beredar di ruang tertutup jauh dari siang hari. Penelitian yang dilaporkan dalam 25 Mei 2016 edisi of Nature , dilakukan oleh sebuah tim internasional termasuk Jacques Jaubert dari Universitas Bordeaux, Sophie Verheyden dari Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) dan Dominique Genty dari CNRS, dengan logistik dukungan dari Société Speleo-Archéologique de Caussade bawah presiden Michel Soulier dan dukungan dari Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Komunikasi Perancis.
Bruniquel Cave, an
extraordinary find
Bruniquel Cave was
discovered in 1990 on a site overlooking the Aveyron Valley. The team of
speleologists in charge of its management has kept the site in pristine
condition, preserving its numerous natural formations (an underground lake,
calcite rafts, translucent flowstone, concretions of all types…), intact floors
containing numerous bone remains and dozens of bear hibernation hollows[2] with
impressive claw marks. But most importantly, the cave contains original
structures made up of about 400 stalagmites or sections of stalagmites,
gathered and arranged in more or less circular formations. These circles show
signs of fire use: calcite reddened or blackened by soot and fractured by heat,
as well as burnt matter including bone remnants. In 1995, a first team of
speleologists and researchers[3] used carbon 14 to date a burnt bone at 47,600
years (the oldest possible date using that technique), but no further dating
was carried out at that time.
Bruniquel Cave, mencari yang luar biasa
Bruniquel Gua ditemukan pada tahun 1990 di situs menghadap Aveyron Loire. Tim dari speleologists bertugas untuk manajemen telah membuat situs dalam kondisi bersih, melestarikan berbagai formasi yang alami (danau bawah tanah, rakit kalsit, Flowstone tembus, concretions dari semua jenis ...), lantai utuh yang mengandung banyak tulang tetap dan puluhan cekungan hibernasi beruang [2] dengan tanda cakar mengesankan. Tapi yang paling penting, gua berisi struktur asli terdiri dari sekitar 400 stalagmit atau bagian dari stalagmit, berkumpul dan diatur dalam formasi lebih atau kurang melingkar. lingkaran ini menunjukkan tanda-tanda penggunaan api: kalsit memerah atau menghitam oleh jelaga dan retak oleh panas, serta bakaran termasuk sisa-sisa tulang. Pada tahun 1995, tim pertama speleologists dan peneliti [3] digunakan karbon 14 untuk tanggal tulang dibakar di 47.600 tahun (kemungkinan tanggal tertua menggunakan teknik )
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Neanderthals
used fire in caves: French cave sheds new light on the Neanderthals
Date:
June 1, 2016
Source:
CNRS
Summary:
Deep inside Bruniquel
Cave, in the Tarn et Garonne region of southwestern France, a set of human-made
structures 336 meters from the entrance was recently dated as being
approximately 176,500 years old. This discovery indicates that humans began
occupying caves much earlier than previously thought: until now the oldest
formally proven cave use dated back only 38,000 years (Chauvet). It also ranks
the Bruniquel structures among the very first in human history. In addition,
traces of fire show that the early Neanderthals, well before Homo sapiens, knew
how to use fire to circulate in enclosed spaces far from daylight.
...................
Deep inside Bruniquel Cave, in the Tarn et Garonne region of southwestern
France, a set of human-made structures[1] 336 meters from the entrance was
recently dated as being approximately 176,500 years old. This discovery
indicates that humans began occupying caves much earlier than previously
thought: until now the oldest formally proven cave use dated back only 38,000
years (Chauvet). It also ranks the Bruniquel structures among the very first in
human history. In addition, traces of fire show that the early Neanderthals,
well before Homo sapiens, knew how to use fire to circulate in enclosed spaces
far from daylight. The research, reported in the 25 May 2016 issue of Nature, was conducted by an international team including Jacques Jaubert from the
University of Bordeaux, Sophie Verheyden from the Royal Belgian Institute of
Natural Sciences (RBINS) and Dominique Genty of the CNRS, with logistical
support from the Société Spéléo-Archéologique de Caussade under president
Michel Soulier and the backing of the French Ministry of Culture and
Communication.
Bruniquel Cave, an
extraordinary find
Bruniquel Cave was
discovered in 1990 on a site overlooking the Aveyron Valley. The team of
speleologists in charge of its management has kept the site in pristine
condition, preserving its numerous natural formations (an underground lake,
calcite rafts, translucent flowstone, concretions of all types…), intact floors
containing numerous bone remains and dozens of bear hibernation hollows[2] with
impressive claw marks. But most importantly, the cave contains original
structures made up of about 400 stalagmites or sections of stalagmites, gathered
and arranged in more or less circular formations. These circles show signs of
fire use: calcite reddened or blackened by soot and fractured by heat, as well
as burnt matter including bone remnants. In 1995, a first team of speleologists
and researchers[3] used carbon 14 to date a burnt bone at 47,600 years (the
oldest possible date using that technique), but no further dating was carried
out at that time.
Intriguing stalagmite
structures spawn a new concept: "speleofacts"
In 2013 a team of
researchers, with the backing of the DRAC Midi Pyrénées regional archaeological
department, launched a new program of studies and analyses. In addition to a 3D
survey of the stalagmite structures and an inventory of their constituent
elements, a magnetic study was used to reveal anomalies caused by heat, making
it possible to map the burnt remnants found in this part of the cave. It seems
most plausible that these fires were simply used as light sources.
Since no other
stalagmite structure of this scale has yet been discovered, the team developed
a new concept to designate these carefully arranged pieces of stalagmites:
"speleofacts." An inventory of the cave's 400 speleofacts reveals a
total of 112 meters of stalagmites broken into well-calibrated pieces, weighing
an estimated 2.2 metric tons. The components of the structures are aligned,
juxtaposed and superimposed (in two, three and even four layers), with props
around the outside, apparently to hold them in place, and filler pieces. Marks
left by the wrenching of stalagmites from the cave floor to make the structures
have been identified nearby.
The world's first
spelunkers
No remains were found
in the cave floors that could help date the installation: a thick crust of
calcite has coated the structures, sealing them in place and concealing the
original floor. For this reason, the researchers, with the help of colleagues
from the University of Xi'an (China) and the University of Minnesota (US), used
a method called uranium series dating (U-Th), based on the radioactive properties
of uranium, trace amounts of which are omnipresent in the environment. When
stalagmites are formed, uranium is present in the calcite. Over time it breaks
down into other elements, including thorium (Th). The age of a stalagmite can
therefore be determined by measuring the thorium and remaining uranium in the
calcite.
The Neanderthals made
these structures by breaking stalagmites and rearranging the pieces. After the
site was abandoned, new layers of calcite, including new stalagmite growth,
formed on the human-made structures. By dating the end of the growth of the
stalagmites used in the structures and the beginning of the regrowth sealing
those same structures, the researchers have estimated the age of the
installation at 176,500 years, ± 2,000 years. Additional samples, in particular
of the calcite covering a burnt bone, confirmed this surprising result.
Were the first
Neanderthals explorers and builders?
The very existence of
these structures, virtually unique in the annals of archaeology, was already an
astonishing discovery. In Prehistory, it wasn't until the beginning of the
recent Paleolithic[4] in Europe, plus some isolated cases in Southeast Asia and
Australia, that man was known to make regular incursions into the underground
world, beyond the reach of sunlight. The proof is nearly always drawings,
engravings and paintings, like those found in the caves of Chauvet (-36,000
years), Lascaux (-22,000 to -20,000 years), Altamira in Spain and Niaux
(-18,000 to -15,000 years for both sites) and, more rarely, burial sites
(Cussac Cave in France's Dordogne region: -28,500 years). But the Bruniquel
stalagmite structures were built long before modern humans arrived in Europe
(-40,000 years). Their creators must therefore have been the first Neanderthals[5]
so far presumed by the scientific community not to have ventured far
underground, nor to have mastered such sophisticated use of lighting and fire,
let alone to have built such elaborate constructions.
New questions about
the Neanderthals
We now know that, some
140 millennia before the arrival of modern man, Europe's first Neanderthals
were occupying deep caves, building complex structures and maintaining fires in
them. The Bruniquel structures are of particular interest due to their distance
from the mouth of the cave, which is thought to be the same now as in the days
of the Neanderthals. The researchers also wonder what the function of these
installations, so far from daylight, could have been. Eliminating the unlikely
hypothesis of shelter, given the structures' distance from the entrance, was it
to find materials of now-unknown utility? Could it have been for
"technical" purposes, such as water storage? Or for the observance of
religious or other rites? In any case, the researchers confirm that the
Neanderthals had to have an advanced social organization to build such
constructions. Further studies will attempt to explain their function, which
for the moment remains the biggest mystery surrounding Bruniquel Cave.
[1] Comprising
approximately 400 stalagmites, or elements from the stalagmitic floor, most of
them cut into sections, arranged in two more or less circular shapes and four
other accumulations.
[2] Places where bears
settle in for the winter, in order to hibernate under stable thermal conditions.
[3] Led by François
Rouzaud, at the time chief heritage curator of the DRAC Midi Pyrénées, and
Michel Soulier, president of the Société Spéléo-Archéologique de Caussade.
[4] From 45,000 to
12,000 years ago.
[5] The known
Neanderthal fossils are between 40,000 and 250,000 years old.
Story Source:
The above post is
reprinted from materials provided by CNRS.Note: Materials may be edited for content
and length.
Journal Reference:
1.
Jacques Jaubert, Sophie Verheyden, Dominique Genty, Michel Soulier, Hai
Cheng, Dominique Blamart, Christian Burlet, Hubert Camus, Serge Delaby, Damien
Deldicque, R. Lawrence Edwards, Catherine Ferrier, François Lacrampe-Cuyaubère,
François Lévêque, Frédéric Maksud, Pascal Mora, Xavier Muth, Édouard Régnier,
Jean-Noël Rouzaud, Frédéric Santos. Early Neanderthal constructions
deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France. Nature, 2016;
534 (7605): 111 DOI: 10.1038/nature18291