Date:
June 28, 2016
Source:
Faculty of Science - University of
Copenhagen
Summary:
Spesies di seluruh dunia akan cepat punah akibat aktivitas manusia, tetapi
manusia juga menyebabkan evolusi cepat dan munculnya spesies baru. Sebuah studi
baru menyimpulkan penyebab spesiasi humanmade, dan membahas mengapa spesies
baru berkembang tidak bisa hanya mengganti spesies liar punah.
................................
Spesies di seluruh dunia akan cepat punah akibat aktivitas manusia, tetapi manusia juga
menyebabkan evolusi cepat dan munculnya spesies baru. Sebuah studi baru yang
diterbitkan hari ini merangkum penyebab spesiasi humanmade, dan membahas
mengapa spesies baru berkembang tidak bisa hanya mengganti spesies liar punah.
Penelitian ini dipimpin oleh Pusat Macroecology, Evolusi dan Iklim di University of Copenhagen.
Semakin banyak contoh menunjukkan bahwa manusia tidak hanya berkontribusi pada
kepunahan spesies tetapi juga mendorong evolusi, dan dalam beberapa kasus
munculnya spesies yang sama sekali baru. Hal ini dapat terjadi melalui mekanisme
seperti perkenalan tidak disengaja, domestikasi hewan dan tanaman, pilihan tidak
wajar karena perburuan, atau munculnya ekosistem baru seperti lingkungan perkotaan.
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Humans artificially drive evolution of new species
Date:
June 28, 2016
Source:
Faculty of Science - University of
Copenhagen
Summary:
Species across the world are rapidly going extinct due to human activities,
but humans are also causing rapid evolution and the emergence of new species. A
new study summarizes the causes of humanmade speciation, and discusses why
newly evolved species cannot simply replace extinct wild species.
................................
Species across the world are rapidly
going extinct due to human activities, but humans are also causing rapid
evolution and the emergence of new species. A new study published today
summarises the causes of humanmade speciation, and discusses why newly evolved
species cannot simply replace extinct wild species. The study was led by the
Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate at the University of Copenhagen.
A growing number of examples show that humans not only contribute to the
extinction of species but also drive evolution, and in some cases the emergence
of entirely new species. This can take place through mechanisms such as
accidental introductions, domestication of animals and crops, unnatural
selection due to hunting, or the emergence of novel ecosystems such as the
urban environment.
Although tempting to conclude that human activities thus benefit as well as
deplete global biodiversity, the authors stress that extinct wild species
cannot simply be replaced with newly evolved ones, and that nature conservation
remains just as urgent.
"The prospect of 'artificially' gaining novel species through human
activities is unlikely to elicit the feeling that it can offset losses of
'natural' species. Indeed, many people might find the prospect of an
artificially biodiverse world just as daunting as an artificially impoverished
one" says lead author and Postdoc Joseph Bull from the Center for
Macroecology, Evolution and Climate at the University of Copenhagen.
The study which was carried out in collaboration with the University of
Queensland was published today in Proceedings of Royal Society B.
It highlights numerous examples of how human activities influence species' evolution.
For instance: as the common house mosquito adapted to the environment of the
underground railway system in London, it established a subterranean population.
Now named the 'London Underground mosquito', it can no longer interbreed with
its above ground counterpart and is effectively thought to be a new species.
"We also see examples of domestication resulting in new species.
According to a recent study, at least six of the world's 40 most important
agricultural crops are considered entirely new" explains Joseph Bull.
Furthermore, unnatural selection due to hunting can lead to new traits
emerging in animals, which can eventually lead to new species, and deliberate
or accidental relocation of species can lead to hybridization with other
species. Due to the latter, more new plant species in Europe have appeared than
are documented to have gone extinct over the last three centuries.
Although it is not possible to quantify exactly how many speciation events
have been caused through human activities, the impact is potentially
considerable, the study states.
"In this context, 'number of species' becomes a deeply unsatisfactory
measure of conservation trends, because it does not reflect many important
aspects of biodiversity. Achieving a neutral net outcome for species numbers
cannot be considered acceptable if weighing wild fauna against relatively
homogenous domesticated species. However, considering speciation alongside
extinction may well prove important in developing a better understanding of our
impact upon global biodiversity. We call for a discussion about what we, as a
society, actually want to conserve about nature" says Associate Professor
Martine Maron from the University of Queensland.
Researchers do agree that current extinction rates may soon lead to a 6th
period of mass extinction. Since the last Ice Age, 11.500 years ago, it is
estimated that 255 mammals and 523 bird species has gone extinct, often due to
human activity. In the same period, humans have relocated almost 900 known
species and domesticated more than 470 animals and close to 270 plant species.
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided
by Faculty of Science - University of
Copenhagen. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Joseph
Bull et al. How humans drive speciation as well as extinction. Proceedings
of the Royal Society B, 2016 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0600