Para ilmuwan
membongkar bagaimana infeksi Toxoplasma terkait dengan penyakit
neurodegenerative
Penelitian baru
difokuskan pada glutamat , neurotransmitter yang paling penting di otak
Date:
June 9, 2016
Source:
University of California - Riverside
Summary:
Toxoplasma gondii, parasit protozoa, menginfeksi sepertiga dari penduduk dunia. Bekerja pada tikus, para ilmuwan biomedis melaporkan bahwa infeksi Toxoplasma mengarah ke gangguan neurotransmitter di otak dan mendalilkan bahwa itu memicu penyakit saraf pada mereka yang sudah cenderung untuk penyakit tersebut. Para peneliti mencatat bahwa infeksi Toxoplasma mengarah ke peningkatan yang signifikan dalam glutamat - neurotransmitter utama dan paling penting dalam otak.
.................................
Toxoplasma gondii, parasit protozoa sekitar lima mikron panjangnya , menginfeksi sepertiga dari penduduk dunia. Tertelan melalui daging matang atau sayuran yang tidak dicuci, parasit menginfeksi 15-30 persen dari penduduk AS. Di Perancis dan Brazil, hingga 80 persen dari populasi memiliki infeksi.
Particularly dangerous
during pregnancy -- infection in pregnant women can cause serious congenital
defects and even death of the fetus -- this chronic infection has two
components: the unicellular parasite, and inflammation of tissues it causes.
Sangat berbahaya selama kehamilan - infeksi pada wanita hamil dapat menyebabkan cacat bawaan yang serius dan bahkan kematian janin - infeksi kronis ini memiliki dua komponen: parasit bersel satu, dan peradangan jaringan itu menyebabkannya.
............................
SILAHKAN MENGGUNAKAN
" MESIN TRANSLATE "..GOOGLE TRANSLATE
DISAMPING KANAN INI.............
PLEASE USE ........ "TRANSLATE MACHINE" .. GOOGLE TRANSLATE BESIDE RIGHT THIS
.................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
T-REC -TUGUMUDA REPTILES COMMUNITY-INDONESIA
More info :
www.trecsemarang2011.blogspot.com
minat gabung : ( menerima keanggotaan seluruh kota dan daerah di Indonesia )
08995557626
DISAMPING KANAN INI.............
PLEASE USE ........ "TRANSLATE MACHINE" .. GOOGLE TRANSLATE BESIDE RIGHT THIS
.................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
T-REC -TUGUMUDA REPTILES COMMUNITY-INDONESIA
More info :
www.trecsemarang2011.blogspot.com
minat gabung : ( menerima keanggotaan seluruh kota dan daerah di Indonesia )
08995557626
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
..................................
..................................
..................................
KSE – KOMUNITAS SATWA EKSOTIK –
EXOTIC PETS
COMMUNITY-- INDONESIA
Visit Our Community and Joint W/ Us....Welcome All Over The World
www.facebook.com/groups/komunitassatwaeksotik/
KSE = KOMUNITAS SATWA EKSOTIK
MENGATASI KENDALA MINAT DAN JARAK
KAMI ADA DI TIAP KOTA DI INDONESIA
DETAIL TENTANG KSE-----KLIK : www.komunitassatwaeksotik-pendaftaran.blogspot.com
GABUNG......... ( menerima keanggotaan seluruh kota dan daerah di Indonesia )
HUBUNGI : 08995557626
Visit Our Community and Joint W/ Us....Welcome All Over The World
www.facebook.com/groups/komunitassatwaeksotik/
KSE = KOMUNITAS SATWA EKSOTIK
MENGATASI KENDALA MINAT DAN JARAK
KAMI ADA DI TIAP KOTA DI INDONESIA
DETAIL TENTANG KSE-----KLIK : www.komunitassatwaeksotik-pendaftaran.blogspot.com
GABUNG......... ( menerima keanggotaan seluruh kota dan daerah di Indonesia )
HUBUNGI : 08995557626
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
FAST RESPON :
08995557626/764047D2
........Komunitas T-REC semarang,komunitas reptil
tugumuda reptiles community semarang,komunitas reptil tugumuda
semarang,komunitas semarang,komunitas reptil semarang.............kenali dan
dalami satwa dan reptil dengan bergabung
bersama kami,hubungi 08995557626 / 764047D2.....
........Komunitas KSE ,komunitas satwa eksotik
,komunitas satwa.............kenali dan dalami satwa dan reptil dengan bergabung bersama kami,hubungi
08995557626 / 764047D2.....
.............................
.............................
Scientists unpack how Toxoplasma infection is linked to
neurodegenerative disease
New research focused on glutamate, the most important neurotransmitter
in the brain
Date:
June 9, 2016
Source:
University of California - Riverside
Summary:
Toxoplasma gondii, a
protozoan parasite, infects a third of the world's population. Working on mice,
biomedical scientists report that Toxoplasma infection leads to a disruption of
neurotransmitters in the brain and postulates that it triggers neurological
disease in those already predisposed to such a disease. The researchers note
that Toxoplasma infection leads to a significant increase in glutamate -- the
primary and most important neurotransmitter in the brain.
.................................
Toxoplasma gondii, a
protozoan parasite about five microns long, infects a third of the world's
population. Ingested via undercooked meat or unwashed vegetables, the parasite
infects 15-30 percent of the US population. In France and Brazil, up to 80
percent of the population has the infection.
Particularly dangerous
during pregnancy -- infection in pregnant women can cause serious congenital
defects and even death of the fetus -- this chronic infection has two
components: the unicellular parasite, and inflammation of tissues it causes.
Working on mice (like all
mammals, a natural host for this parasite), a University of California,
Riverside team of biomedical scientists reports in the journal PLOS
Pathogensthat Toxoplasma infection leads to a disruption of
neurotransmitters in the brain and postulates that it triggers neurological
disease in those already predisposed to such a disease.
They note that Toxoplasma infection leads to a significant
increase in glutamate -- the primary and most important neurotransmitter in the
brain, which transmits excitatory signals between neurons. This glutamate
increase is "extracellular," meaning outside the cell, and is
strictly controlled by specialized cells in the central nervous system (brain
and spinal cord), called astrocytes. Glutamate buildup is seen in traumatic brain
injury as well as highly pathological and neurodegenerating diseases such as
epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
One role astrocytes play is
to remove extracellular glutamate, lest it increase to pathological levels that
could damage neurons. This is primarily achieved using a glutamate transporter,
called GLT-1, tasked with regulating extracellular glutamate. GLT-1 soaks up
glutamate released by neurons and converts it back into the safer substance
glutamine, which can then be used by cells for energy.
"When a neuron fires
it releases glutamate into the space between itself and a nearby neuron,"
explained lead researcher Emma H. Wilson, an associate professor in the
Division of Biomedical Sciences in the School of Medicine, who has worked on
toxoplasmosis for more than 15 years. "The nearby neuron detects this
glutamate which triggers a firing of the neuron. If the glutamate isn't cleared
by GLT-1 then the neurons can't fire properly the next time and they start to
die."
Wilson and her team found
that during toxoplasma infection, astrocytes swell and are not able to regulate
extracellular glutamate concentrations. Further, GLT-1 is not expressed
properly. This leads to a buildup of the glutamate released from neurons and
the neurons misfire.
"These results suggest
that in contrast to assuming chronicToxoplasma infection as quiescent and benign, we
should be aware of the potential risk to normal neurological pathways and
changes in brain chemistry," Wilson said.
When the researchers
treated the infected mice with ceftriaxone, an antibiotic known to produce
beneficial results in mouse models of ALS as well as neuroprotection in a
variety of central nervous system injuries, they found that GLT-1 was
upregulated. This restoration of GLT-1 expression significantly reduced
extracellular glutamate from pathological to normal concentrations, returning
neuronal function to a normal state.
"We have shown for the
first time the direct disruption of a major neurotransmitter in the brain
resulting from this infection," Wilson said. "More direct and
mechanistic research needs to be performed to understand the realities of this
very common pathogen."
Next, Wilson and her
colleagues will research what initiates the downregulation of GLT-1 during
chronic Toxoplasma infection.
"Despite the
importance of this transporter to maintaining glutamate homeostasis, there is
little understanding of the mechanism that governs its expression," Wilson
said. "We'd like to know how cells, including peripheral immune cells,
control the parasite in the brain. Toxoplasma infection results in the lifelong
presence of parasitic cysts within the neurons in the brain. We'd like to
further develop a project focused on killing the cysts, which is where the
parasite hides from the immune response for the rest of the infected person's
life. Getting rid of the cyst removes the threat of reactivation of the
parasite and the risk of encephalitis while also allowing us to minimize
chronic inflammation in the brain."
Mysteriously, the parasite
that causes toxoplasmosis can sexually reproduce only in cats. Asexually, it
can replicate and live in any mammalian cell that has a nucleus. Indeed, the
parasite has been found in every mammal ever tested.
Post-infection, a competent
immune system is needed to prevent parasite reactivation and encephalitis.
Infected people with compromised immune systems need to be on prophylactic
drugs for life. Otherwise they are at risk of cyst reactivation and death. The
parasite lives in areas of the brain that have the potential to disrupt certain
behaviors such as risk-seeking (infected mice will run toward cat urine instead
of away from it).
The parasite is not as
latent or dormant as researchers once thought. Cases of congenital infection
and retinal toxoplasmosis are on the rise (the brain and retina are closely
linked). People who have schizophrenia are more likely to be infected withToxoplasma. Infection
shows some correlation with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and
epilepsy.
Nevertheless, Wilson notes
that infection is no cause for major worry.
"We have been living
with this parasite for a long time," she said. "It does not want to
kill its host and lose its home. The best way to prevent infection is to cook
your meat and wash your hands and vegetables. And if you are pregnant, don't
change the cat litter."
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted
from materials provided byUniversity of California - Riverside.
The original item was written by Iqbal Pittalwala. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Clément N. David,
Elma S. Frias, Jenny I. Szu, Philip A. Vieira, Jacqueline A. Hubbard, Jonathan Lovelace,
Marena Michael, Danielle Worth, Kathryn E. McGovern, Iryna M. Ethell, B. Glenn
Stanley, Edward Korzus, Todd A. Fiacco, Devin K. Binder, Emma H. Wilson. GLT-1-Dependent
Disruption of CNS Glutamate Homeostasis and Neuronal Function by the Protozoan
Parasite Toxoplasma gondii. PLOS Pathogens, 09 Jun
2016 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005643