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Para peneliti menghasilkan senyawa bahan bakar jet dari jamur

Para peneliti telah menemukan cara untuk membuat bahan bakar jet dari jamur hitam yang umum ditemukan di pembukusan  daun , tanah dan  buah . Para peneliti berharap proses  yang mengarah ke produksi ekonomis biofuel penerbangan di lima tahun ke depan ....more

Researchers produce jet fuel compounds
from fungus

Date:

May 5, 2015

Source:

Washington State University

Summary:

Researchers have found a way to make jet fuel from a common black fungus
found in decaying leaves, soil and rotting fruit. The researchers hope the
process leads to economically viable production of aviation biofuels in the
next five years.

........................

Washington State University researchers have found a way to make jet fuel
from a common black fungus found in decaying leaves, soil and rotting fruit.
The researchers hope the process leads to economically viable production of
aviation biofuels in the next five years.

The researchers used Aspergillus carbonarius ITEM 5010 to
create hydrocarbons, the chief component of petroleum, similar to those in
aviation fuels.

Led by Birgitte Ahring, director and Battelle distinguished professor of
the Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory at WSU Tri-cities, the
researchers published their work in the April edition of Fungal Biology.

The fungus produced the most hydrocarbons on a diet of oatmeal but also
created them by eating wheat straw or the non-edible leftovers from corn
production. Fungi have been of interest for about a decade within biofuels
production as the key producer of enzymes necessary for converting biomass to
sugars. Some researchers further showed that fungi could create hydrocarbons,
but the research was limited to a specific fungus living within a specific tree
in the rainforest, and the actual hydrocarbon concentrations were not reported.

Ahring's group has previously been successful in using standard Aspergillus
fungi to produce enzymes and other useful products, which have been patented
and are under commercialization, so they decided to look into A.
carbonariusITEM 5010's potential for biofuels.

Fungi are complex microorganisms and are not always easy to work with,
Ahring said. They have a complex biology that is often poorly understood.

"Not many people in this world actually do this,'' she said. "The
molecular biology piece of it is complicated.''

The researchers were assisted by Kenneth Bruno, a researcher at the U.S.
Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, who developed a
method essential for the genetic manipulation of A. carbonarius. The
research received funding from the Danish Council for Strategic Research under
the program for Energy and Environment.

Using fungi for hydrocarbon and biofuels production is better than other
methods because they do the work themselves, bypassing multiple complicated
chemical processes required by other biofuel production methods. Fungi also
have great potential to create the fuel at low cost, Ahring said.

She suspects the fungi produce hydrocarbons, large compounds that are
costly for the organism to produce, as a protective mechanism. Her group showed
that fungi react to bacterial attacks by increasing their hydrocarbon
production.

The researchers are now working to optimize the fungi's hydrocarbon
production and improve biochemical pathways through genetic engineering. They
have obtained mutants with a higher production level and are working on
improving these strains by using gene coding for specific hydrocarbons out of
blue green bacteria and algae.

It's the same challenge faced by mold researchers, more than a generation
ago, who found they could only produce a tiny amount of their product, Ahring
said. Eventually, they optimized production of their product, which became
known as antibiotics.

"It's very promising,'' she said. "I think that the fungus-based
fuels are something that is going to happen. It's a tremendous opportunity. ''










Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided byWashington
State University. The original article was written by Tina Hilding. Note: Materials
may be edited for content and length.










Journal Reference:

1.   
Malavika Sinha, Annette Sørensen, Aftab Ahamed, Birgitte Kiær Ahring. Production
of hydrocarbons by Aspergillus carbonarius ITEM 5010. Fungal
Biology, 2015; 119 (4): 274 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.01.001

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150505182628.htm

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Minyak, gas pengembangan menyeragam komunitas burung inti-hutan--T-REC semarang--komunitas reptil semarang

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Oil, gas development homogenizing core-forest bird communities

Date:

May 21, 2014

Source:

Penn State

Summary:

Conventional oil and gas development in northern Pennsylvania altered bird communities, and the current massive build-out of shale-gas infrastructure may accelerate these changes, according to researchers. The commonwealth's Northern Tier -- one of the largest blocks of Eastern deciduous forest in the entire Appalachian region -- is an important breeding area for neotropical migrant songbirds. These diminutive, insect-eating creatures, which breed in Pennsylvania and winter in Central and South America, contribute greatly to the health of forests.

..........................

Conventional oil and gas development in northern Pennsylvania altered bird communities, and the current massive build-out of shale-gas infrastructure may accelerate these changes, according to researchers in Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences. The commonwealth's Northern Tier -- one of the largest blocks of Eastern deciduous forest in the entire Appalachian region -- is an important breeding area for neotropical migrant songbirds. These diminutive, insect-eating creatures, which breed in Pennsylvania and winter in Central and South America, contribute greatly to the health of forests.

But they are being negatively affected in areas where there are high densities of shallow oil and gas wells, says Margaret Brittingham, professor of wildlife resources, who conducted a study of bird communities in the Allegheny National Forest. The national forest, on the extensively forested Allegheny Plateau in northwestern Pennsylvania, has more than 14,000 active oil and gas wells. Although the footprint of a shallow well is much smaller than the immense Marcellus Shale well pads now being built across the region, clusters of shallow wells, service roads, pads and pipelines create networks of disturbance that fragment forests, changing songbird communities, Brittingham explained.

"The cumulative effect of many small-scale disturbances within the forest is resulting in the homogenization of bird communities, with species that inhabit the interior forest, such as black-throated blue warblers, ovenbirds and Blackburnian warblers being pushed out, and species that prefer living in edge habitat and near people and development, such as robins, blue jays and mourning doves, moving in," she said.

"Biotic homogenization is a subtle process by which generalists replace specialists, with common and widespread species tending to become more abundant and habitat specialists declining. Our results revealed changes in avian guilds resulting from oil and gas development and suggest that a loss of community uniqueness is a consequence."

The study, done in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Northern Forest Research Station, took place over three years. Lead researcher Emily Thomas, at the time a graduate student advised by Brittingham, surveyed birds in 50-acre blocks selected for their varied amount of oil and gas development.

Thomas completed her master's degree in wildlife and fisheries science and is currently an instructor in the wildlife technology program at Penn State DuBois.

In a recently published issue of the Journal of Wildlife Management, the researchers documented the presence or absence of different songbird species in a range of landscapes, including undisturbed forest, low-density oil and gas development, and high-density development. They catalogued the abundance and diversity of songbirds in the study areas, which spanned two types of forest -- northern hardwood and oak.

"We wanted to find out what the well pads, roads, pipelines and other openings created by oil and gas development are doing to bird populations," said Brittingham. "We compared and contrasted the abundance and diversity of birds near well sites to bird communities in reference sites far away from disturbances in the big woods, and what we found was compelling." Forest interior species declined in proximity to the wells and at a rate that was roughly proportional to the intensity of gas development. Songbird species that prefer early successional habitat increased in abundance on the edge of gas development.

In addition, Brittingham noted, the generalist bird species that do better around people and tend to be common wherever there are people or development were more abundant near oil and gas development than within undisturbed forest -- potentially displacing the forest specialists.

The expansive development of Marcellus Shale gas, which began within the core forests of northcentral Pennsylvania around 2007, is increasing exponentially. Deep, horizontal shale gas wells differ substantially from shallow, conventional oil and gas wells in many ways.

Shale-gas well pads are immense but occur at a much lower density. Drillers install pad substrate of stone to support heavy equipment, and the drillers use a much greater quantity of water for hydrofracturing. That technology demands greatly increased levels of truck traffic on wider, more highly engineered roads. Brittingham and her students are currently studying the effects of shale-gas development on birds to determine how it affects avian communities.

"Birds are easy to study and survey to gauge the impacts of gas development because they are abundant, respond quickly to habitat change and are early indicators of problems," she said. "The bottom line is we are going to have resource extraction in this state, but the forests on top of it are providing clean water, clean air, climate regulation and a host of other ecological values.

"We need to maintain them as healthy, functioning ecosystems while extracting the gas. We hope our research will help to determine where thresholds of change occur and to identify areas where gas development should be avoided or minimal at best to protect these valuable ecological services that are provided free-of-charge to all of us."

---

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Penn State. The original article was written by Jeff Mulhollem. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

---

Journal Reference:

1. Emily H. Thomas, Margaret C. Brittingham, Scott H. Stoleson. Conventional oil and gas development alters forest songbird communities. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2014; 78 (2): 293 DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.662

---

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Penn State. "Oil, gas development homogenizing core-forest bird communities." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 21 May 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140521142432.htm>.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140521142432.htm

 

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melindungi minyak zaitun dari pemalsu--Protecting olive oil from counterfeiters--T-REC semarang--komunitas reptil semarang

06.04

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Protecting olive oil from counterfeiters

Protecting olive oil from counterfeiters

Date:

April 24, 2014

Source:

ETH Zürich

Summary:

Who guarantees that expensive olive oil isn't counterfeit or adulterated? An invisible label could perform this task. The tag consists of tiny magnetic DNA particles encapsulated in a silica casing and mixed with the oil. The worldwide need for anti-counterfeiting labels for food is substantial. In December 2013 and January 2014, Interpol and Europol confiscated more than 1,200 tonnes of counterfeit or substandard food and beverages. The confiscated goods also included more than 131,000 litres of oil and vinegar.

.........................

Who guarantees that expensive olive oil isn't counterfeit or adulterated? An invisible label, developed by ETH researchers, could perform this task. The tag consists of tiny magnetic DNA particles encapsulated in a silica casing and mixed with the oil.

Just a few grams of the new substance are enough to tag the entire olive oil production of Italy. If counterfeiting were suspected, the particles added at the place of origin could be extracted from the oil and analyzed, enabling a definitive identification of the producer. "The method is equivalent to a label that cannot be removed," says Robert Grass, lecturer in the Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences at ETH Zurich.

The worldwide need for anti-counterfeiting labels for food is substantial. In a joint operation in December 2013 and January 2014, Interpol and Europol confiscated more than 1,200 tonnes of counterfeit or substandard food and almost 430,000 litres of counterfeit beverages. The illegal trade is run by organised criminal groups that generate millions in profits, say the authorities. The confiscated goods also included more than 131,000 litres of oil and vinegar.

A forgery-proof label should not only be invisible but also safe, robust, cheap and easy to detect. To fulfil these criteria ETH researchers used nanotechnology and nature's information storehouse, DNA. A piece of artificial genetic material is the heart of the mini-label. "With DNA, there are millions of options that can be used as codes," says Grass. Moreover, the material has an extremely low detection limit, so tiny amounts are sufficient for labelling purposes.

Synthetic fossil

However, DNA also has some disadvantages. If the material is used as an information carrier outside a living organism, it cannot repair itself and is susceptible to light, temperature fluctuations and chemicals. Thus, the researchers used a silica coating to protect the DNA, creating a kind of synthetic fossil. The casing represents a physical barrier that protects the DNA against chemical attacks and completely isolates it from the external environment -- a situation that mimics that of natural fossils, write the researchers in their paper, which has been published in the journal ACS Nano. To ensure that the particles can be fished out of the oil as quickly and simply as possible, Grass and his team employed another trick: they magnetised the tag by attaching iron oxide nanoparticles.

Experiments in the lab showed that the tiny tags dispersed well in the oil and did not result in any visual changes. They also remained stable when heated and weathered an aging trial unscathed. The magnetic iron oxide, meanwhile, made it easy to extract the particles from the oil. The DNA was recovered using a fluoride-based solution and analysed by PCR, a standard method that can be carried out today by any medical lab at minimal expense. "Unbelievably small quantities of particles down to a millionth of a gram per litre and a tiny volume of a thousandth of a litre were enough to carry out the authenticity tests for the oil products," write the researchers. The method also made it possible to detect adulteration: if the concentration of nanoparticles does not match the original value, other oil -- presumably substandard -- must have been added. The cost of label manufacture should be approximately 0.02 cents per litre.

Labels for petrol and Bergamot essential oil

Petrol could also be tagged using this method and the technology could be used in the cosmetics industry as well. In trials the researchers also successfully tagged expensive Bergamot essential oil, which is used as a raw material in perfumes. Nevertheless, Grass sees the greatest potential for the use of invisible labels in the food industry. But will consumers buy expensive 'extra-virgin' olive oil when synthetic DNA nanoparticles are floating around in it? "These are things that we already ingest today," says Grass. Silica particles are present in ketchup and orange juice, among other products, and iron oxide is permitted as a food additive E172.

To promote acceptance, natural genetic material could be used in place of synthetic DNA; for instance, from exotic tomatoes or pineapples, of which there are a great variety -- but also from any other fruit or vegetable that is a part of our diet. Of course, the new technology must yield benefits that far outweigh any risks, says Grass. He concedes that as the inventor of the method, he might not be entirely impartial. "But I need to know where food comes from and how pure it is." In the case of adulterated goods, there is no way of knowing what's inside. "So I prefer to know which particles have been intentionally added."

---

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by ETH Zürich. The original article was written by Barbara Vonarburg. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

---

Journal Reference:

1. Michela Puddu, Daniela Paunescu, Wendelin J. Stark, Robert N. Grass. Magnetically Recoverable, Thermostable, Hydrophobic DNA/Silica Encapsulates and Their Application as Invisible Oil Tags. ACS Nano, 2014; 8 (3): 2677 DOI: 10.1021/nn4063853

---

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ETH Zürich. "Protecting olive oil from counterfeiters." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 24 April 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140424102309.htm>.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140424102309.htm

 

 

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