Studi
monyet menunjukkan infeksi Zika berkepanjangan pada kehamilan
Date:
June 28, 2016
Source:
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Summary:
Para peneliti mempelajari monyet yang telah menunjukkan bahwa
salah satu infeksi virus Zika melindungi terhadap infeksi di masa depan ,
meskipun kehamilan dapat secara drastis memperpanjang waktu virus tetap dalam
tubuh
........................
Peneliti dari University of Wisconsin - Madison mempelajari monyet yang telah menunjukkan bahwa
salah satu infeksi virus Zika melindungi terhadap infeksi di masa depan , meskipun kehamilan
dapat secara drastis memperpanjang waktu virus tetap dalam tubuh .
Para peneliti , dipimpin oleh UW - Madison patologi Profesor David O'Connor , menerbitkan
sebuah studi dalam jurnal Nature Communications yang menggambarkan pekerjaan mereka
terhadap kera di Wisconsin National Primate Research Center sebagai model untuk
mempelajari cara infeksi virus Zika dapat berkembang di manusia.
.
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Monkey study shows Zika infection prolonged in
pregnancy
Date:
June 28, 2016
Source:
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Summary:
Researchers studying monkeys have shown that one infection with Zika virus
protects against future infection, though pregnancy may drastically prolong the
time the virus stays in the body.
........................
University of Wisconsin-Madison
researchers studying monkeys have shown that one infection with Zika virus
protects against future infection, though pregnancy may drastically prolong the
time the virus stays in the body.
The researchers, led by UW-Madison pathology Professor David O'Connor,
published a study in the journal Nature Communications describing
their work establishing rhesus macaque monkeys at the Wisconsin National
Primate Research Center as a model for studying the way Zika virus infections
may progress in people.
The team of UW and Duke University scientists -- which includes specialists
in emergent and insect-borne diseases, genetics and immunology, pediatrics and
pregnancy -- have been working with infected monkeys for months.
"What we've shown in the monkey model matches a lot of what people
have observed in epidemiological studies of humans," says Emma Mohr, a
pediatric infectious disease fellow at UW-Madison and first author on the study
with Matthew Aliota and Dawn Dudley, research scientists in UW-Madison's
schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine and Public Health, respectively.
"It's important for us to show in a lab setting what people have
expected in humans -- that you clear viremia (infection by the Zika virus)
within a week, and you are protected from future infections by the same
virus."
The researchers infected monkeys with the type of Zika virus causing an
epidemic that first became apparent in South America in 2015, and found that
those monkeys resisted infection by the same Zika strain 10 weeks later.
"This is good news for vaccine design," says O'Connor, whose work
is funded by the National Institutes of Health. "It suggests the sort of
immunity that occurs naturally is sufficient. If you can mimic that in a
vaccine, you'll likely have a very successful vaccine."
But their findings also uncovered a stark contrast in the length of
infection of pregnant monkeys versus males and non-pregnant females. Though
non-pregnant animals in the study were found to be free of Zika virus within 10
days of infection, the virus persisted in the blood of pregnant monkeys for 30
days to 70 days.
The prolonged infection has implications for the severe impacts of Zika
virus during pregnancy. Zika has been tied to neurological problems in babies
such as microcephaly, a particularly grim birth defect that results in
underdeveloped brains and small heads.
"We have good news for most people: If you are not pregnant and not at
risk of becoming pregnant, you probably don't need to be worried about
Zika," O'Connor says. "But my concern for Zika virus in pregnancy is
much higher now than it was six months ago."
One possible explanation for the persistence of the virus in pregnancy is
that the immune systems of mothers-to-be are too compromised, and they simply
aren't able to clear the virus as fast.
"The other, more provocative hypothesis is that it's indicative of
infection of the fetus, and what we're observing in the maternal bloodstream is
the shedding of virus by the fetus back into the mother's bloodstream,"
says O'Connor. "If that happens to be the case, it would suggest that
there is a prolonged infection of the fetus that lasts much longer than the
infection of the mother."
If the mother-fetus infection loop -- first proposed earlier this year by
Johns Hopkins University obstetrician Rita W. Driggers in an analysis of Zika
infection in a pregnant woman -- proves true, it could provide an opportunity
to track the risks to a developing fetus without resorting to invasive (and
also inherently risky) tests.
"If this is the case, measuring the viral load on a Zika-infected
pregnant woman on a weekly or biweekly basis could provide an indication for
the likely degree of damage to the fetus," O'Connor says. "If a
pregnant woman comes into a clinic with Zika virus, but a week later shows no
more evidence of infection, that could be a good indication that the fetus is unlikely
to be affected."
Using the amount of virus in the blood of pregnant monkeys or women as a
proxy for fetal infection might also provide researchers working on treatments
to protect babies from neurological damage a way to assess their progress.
However, nobody really understands the range of outcomes for children that
are affected by Zika virus infections during pregnancy.
"In Brazil, where the oldest children born to women who were infected
with Zika are only about one year old right now, we don't have any idea whether
some of the children who are apparently normal are going to have issues that
only manifest later in life," O'Connor says.
According to the researchers, rhesus monkeys are often employed in brain
research as models for humans.
"You may have to follow children for five years or longer to tell
whether there is cognitive impairment in their development," says Aliota,
whose research has focused on Zika's spread in Colombia. "But it's
something you can answer with macaques relatively quickly, and that speed is
very important in the context of an epidemic."
Though the researchers have been performing ultrasounds on Zika-infected
pregnant monkeys and collecting fluid from their wombs, they can't yet say
whether the still-growing fetuses themselves are infected or whether any of
them are developing microcephaly.
"For human pregnancies, we have very refined growth charts, lots of
historical information, lots of high-end diagnostic technologies that can be
used to ask what's happening," O'Connor says. "While some of those
things are in development in macaques, they are far less mature and far less
detailed. So we can't draw conclusions yet."
But their results showing that one infection primes the immune system to
protect against future infection could provide some peace of mind for millions
left in the wake of the Zika epidemic.
"In Africa, where the virus has been circulating for an extended
period of time, they haven't seen these adverse outcomes in pregnancy,"
Aliota says. "That seems to be because people are primarily exposed early
in life, develop immunity, and then are protected later in life when they have
children."
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided
byUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison. The
original item was written by Chris Barncard. Note: Materials may be
edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Dawn M.
Dudley, Matthew T. Aliota, Emma L. Mohr, Andrea M. Weiler, Gabrielle
Lehrer-Brey, Kim L. Weisgrau, Mariel S. Mohns, Meghan E. Breitbach, Mustafa N.
Rasheed, Christina M. Newman, Dane D. Gellerup, Louise H. Moncla, Jennifer
Post, Nancy Schultz-Darken, Michele L. Schotzko, Jennifer M. Hayes, Josh A.
Eudailey, M. Anthony Moody, Sallie R. Permar, Shelby L. O’Connor, Eva G.
Rakasz, Heather A. Simmons, Saverio Capuano, Thaddeus G. Golos, Jorge E.
Osorio, Thomas C. Friedrich, David H. O’Connor. A rhesus macaque model
of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection. Nature Communications,
2016; 7: 12204 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12204
