Mengapa zebra memiliki garis-garis ? suhu?--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

10.39

zebras

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Mengapa zebra memiliki garis-garis ? suhu?

Salah satu pertanyaan alam yang menarik adalah bagaimana zebra mendapat garis-garis mereka . Sebuah tim ilmuwan telah menemukan setidaknya sebagian dari jawaban : Jumlah dan intensitas striping dapat  diprediksi oleh suhu lingkungan di mana zebra hidup .....read more

Why do zebras
have stripes? Temperature counts

Date:

January 30, 2015

Source:

University of
California - Los Angeles

Summary:

One of nature's
fascinating questions is how zebras got their stripes. A team of life
scientists has found at least part of the answer: The amount and intensity of
striping can be best predicted by the temperature of the environment in which
zebras live.

...................

one of nature's
fascinating questions is how zebras got their stripes.

A team of life scientists led by UCLA's Brenda Larison has found at least
part of the answer: The amount and intensity of striping can be best predicted
by the temperature of the environment in which zebras live.

In the January cover story of the Royal Society's online journal, Open
Science, the researchers make the case that the association between
striping and temperature likely points to multiple benefits -- including
controlling zebras' body temperature and protecting them from diseases carried
by biting flies.

"While past studies have typically focused their search for single
mechanisms, we illustrate in this study how the cause of this extraordinary
phenomenon is actually likely much more complex than previously appreciated,
with temperature playing an important role," said Thomas B. Smith,
professor of ecology and evolutionary biology in the UCLA College and senior
author of the research.

Larison, a researcher in UCLA's department of ecology and evolutionary
biology and the study's lead author, and her colleagues examined the plains zebra,
which is the most common of three zebra species and has a wide variety of
stripe patterns. On zebras in warmer climes, the stripes are bold and cover the
entire body. On others -- particularly those in regions with colder winters
such as South Africa and Namibia -- the stripes are fewer in number and are
lighter and narrower. In some cases, the legs or other body parts have
virtually no striping.

Zebras evolved from horses more than 2 million years ago, biologists have
found. Scientists have previously hypothesized that zebras' stripes evolved for
one, or a combination of, four main reasons: confusing predators, protecting
against disease-carrying insects, controlling body temperature and social
cohesion. And while numerous previous studies of the phenomenon focused on a
single hypothesis, the Larison-led study was the first to fully test a large
set of hypotheses against one another.

Analyzing zebras at 16 locations in Africa and considering more two dozen
environmental factors, the researchers found that temperature was the strongest
predictor of zebras' striping. The finding provides the first evidence that
controlling body temperature, or thermoregulation, is the main reason for the
stripes and the patterns they form.

Separate research by Daniel Rubenstein, a Princeton University professor of
ecology and evolutionary biology and a co-author of the Open Science paper, and
Princeton undergraduate Damaris Iriondo strongly suggests that boldly striped
zebras have external body temperatures about five degrees Fahrenheit cooler
than other animals of the same size -- like antelopes -- that do not have
stripes but live in the same areas. The Rubenstein study is not yet published,
but it is cited in the Open Science paper.

Larison has studied many zebras during her field work throughout Africa --
including in Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Using the fact
that their stripes are unique like fingerprints, she is able to distinguish one
zebra from another.

In addition to Rubenstein, arguably the world's leading expert on zebras,
the study's co-authors were Alec Chan-Golston and Elizabeth Li, former UCLA
undergraduates in mathematics; Ryan Harrigan, an assistant adjunct professor in
UCLA's Center for Tropical Research; and Henri Thomassen, a former UCLA
postdoctoral scholar and current research associate at the Institute for
Evolution and Ecology at Germany's University of Tübingen.

The research was supported by the National Geographic Society Committee for
Research and Exploration.

Larison and her research team have also collected zebra tissue samples and
have used cutting-edge technology to sequence zebra DNA to try to identify
which genes code for striping. The team is continuing to study the benefits
stripes provide.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by University
of California - Los Angeles. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.    B. Larison, R. J. Harrigan, H. A.
Thomassen, D. I. Rubenstein, A. M. Chan-Golston, E. Li, T. B. Smith. How
the zebra got its stripes: a problem with too many solutions. Royal
Society Open Science, 2015; 2 (1): 140452 DOI:10.1098/rsos.140452

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150130092923.htm

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Beberapa karang yang menyesuaikan diri dengan peningkatan suhu laut--Some corals adjusting to rising ocean temperatures--T-REC semarang--komunitas reptil semarang

06.50

suhu

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Some corals adjusting to rising ocean temperatures

Some corals adjusting to rising ocean temperatures

 

Date:

April 24, 2014

Source:

Stanford University

Summary:

Scientists have revealed how some corals can quickly switch on or off certain genes in order to survive in warmer-than-average tidal waters. To most people, 86-degree Fahrenheit water is pleasant for bathing and swimming. To most sea creatures, however, it's deadly. As climate change heats up ocean temperatures, the future of species such as coral, which provides sustenance and livelihoods to a billion people, is threatened.

......................

Research led by Stanford scientist Steve Palumbi reveals how some corals can quickly switch on or off certain genes in order to survive in warmer-than-average tidal waters.

To most people, 86-degree Fahrenheit water is pleasant for bathing and swimming. To most sea creatures, however, it's deadly. As climate change heats up ocean temperatures, the future of species such as coral, which provides sustenance and livelihoods to a billion people, is threatened.

Through an innovative experiment, Stanford researchers led by biology Professor Steve Palumbi have shown that some corals can -- on the fly -- adjust their internal functions to tolerate hot water 50 times faster than they would adapt through evolutionary change alone. The findings, published April 24 in Science, open a new realm of possibility for understanding and conserving corals.

"The temperature of coral reefs is variable, so it stands to reason that corals should have some capacity to respond to different heat levels," said Palumbi, director of Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station and a senior fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. "Our study shows they can, and it may help them in the future as the ocean warms."

Coral reefs are crucial sources of fisheries, aquaculture and storm protection. Overfishing and pollution, along with heat and increased acidity brought on by climate change, have wiped out half of the world's reef-building corals during the past 20 years. Even atemporary rise in temperature of a few degrees can kill corals across miles of reef.

American Samoa presents a unique case study in how corals might survive a world reshaped by climate change. Water temperatures in some shallow reefs there can reach 95 degrees Fahrenheit, enough to kill most corals. To find out how native corals survive the heat, researchers in Palumbi's lab transplanted colonies from a warm pool to a nearby cool pool and vice versa.

The researchers found that, over time, cool-pool corals transplanted to the hot pool became more heat-tolerant. Although these corals were only about half as heat-tolerant as corals that had been living in the hot pool all along, they quickly achieved the same heat tolerance that could be expected from evolution over many generations. Corals, like people, have adaptive genes that can be turned on or off when external conditions change. The corals Palumbi's group studied adjusted themselves by switching on or off certain genes, depending on the local temperature.

These findings make clear that some corals can stave off the effects of ocean warming through a double-decker combination of adaptation based on genetic makeup and physiological adjustment to local conditions.

"These results tell us that both nature and nurture play a role in deciding how heat-tolerant a coral colony is," Palumbi said. "Nurture, the effect of environment, can change heat tolerance much more quickly -- within the lifetime of one coral rather than over many generations."

Palumbi cautioned that corals' heat-adaptive characteristics do not provide a magic bullet to combat climate change. They can't respond to indefinite temperature increases and they could be compromised by stressors such as acidification and pollution.

Still, if it holds true for most corals, this adaptive ability could provide a "cushion" for survival and might give coral reefs a few extra decades of fighting back the harsh effects of climate change, Palumbi said.

---

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Stanford University. The original article was written by Rob Jordan. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

---

Journal Reference:

1. Stephen R. Palumbi, Daniel J. Barshis, Nikki Traylor-Knowles, and Rachael A. Bay. Mechanisms of Reef Coral Resistance to Future Climate Change. Science, 24 April 2014 DOI: 10.1126/science.1251336

---

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Stanford University. "Some corals adjusting to rising ocean temperatures." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 24 April 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140424143737.htm>.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140424143737.htm

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