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How
are we different and what gave us the advantage over extinct types of humans
like the Neanderthals?
How
are we different and what gave us the advantage over extinct types of humans
like the Neanderthals?
Date:
April 22,
2014
Source:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Summary:
In parallel with modern man (Homo sapiens), there were
other, extinct types of humans with whom we lived side by side, such as
Neanderthals and the recently discovered Denisovans of Siberia. Yet only
Homo sapiens survived. What was it in our genetic makeup that gave us the
advantage?
......................
In parallel with modern man (Homo sapiens), there were other, extinct
types of humans with whom we lived side by side, such as Neanderthals and the
recently discovered Denisovans of Siberia. Yet only Homo sapiens survived. What was it in our
genetic makeup that gave us the advantage?
The truth is
that little is known about our unique genetic makeup as distinguished from our
archaic cousins, and how it contributed to the fact that we are the only
species among them to survive. Even less is known about our unique epigenetic
makeup, but it is exactly such epigenetic changes that may have shaped our own
species.
While
genetics deals with the DNA sequence itself and the heritable changes in the
DNA (mutations), epigenetics deals with heritable traits that are not caused by
mutations. Rather, chemical modifications to the DNA can efficiently turn genes
on and off without changing the sequence. This epigenetic regulatory layer
controls where, when and how genes are activated, and is believed to be behind
many of the differences between human groups.
Indeed, many
epigenetic changes distinguish us from the Neanderthal and the Denisovan,
researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Europe have now shown.
In an
article just published in Science, Dr. Liran Carmel, Prof. Eran Meshorer
and David Gokhman of the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life sciences at the
Hebrew University, along with scientists from Germany and Spain, have
reconstructed, for the first time, the epigenome of the Neanderthal and the
Denisovan. Then, by comparing this ancient epigenome with that of modern
humans, they identified genes whose activity had changed only in our own
species during our most recent evolution.
Among those
genetic pattern changes, many are expressed in brain development. Numerous
changes were also observed in the immune and cardiovascular systems, whereas
the digestive system remained relatively unchanged.
On the
negative side, the researchers found that many of the genes whose activity is
unique to modern humans are linked to diseases like Alzheimer's disease, autism
and schizophrenia, suggesting that these recent changes in our brain may
underlie some of the psychiatric disorders that are so common in humans today.
By
reconstructing how genes were regulated in the Neanderthal and the Denisovan,
the researchers provide the first insight into the evolution of gene regulation
along the human lineage and open a window to a new field that allows the
studying of gene regulation in species that went extinct hundreds of thousands
of years ago.
Story
Source:
The above
story is based on materials provided by Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Note: Materials
may be edited for content and length.
Journal
Reference:
- D. Gokhman, E. Lavi, K. Prufer, M. F. Fraga, J. A. Riancho, J. Kelso, S. Paabo, E. Meshorer, L. Carmel. Reconstructing the DNA Methylation Maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan. Science, 2014; DOI: 10.1126/Science.1250368
Cite This
Page:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
"How are we different and what gave us the advantage over extinct types of
humans like the Neanderthals?." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 April 2014.
<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140422084736.htm>.
