Air bisa jadi melimpah di miliar tahun pertama setelah Big Bang--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

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Air bisa  jadi melimpah di miliar tahun pertama setelah Big Bang

Seberapa cepat setelah Big Bang  air telah ada ? Tidak segera, karena molekul air mengandung oksigen dan oksigen harus dibentuk di bintang-bintang pertama . Kemudian oksigen yang harus dan bersatu dengan hidrogen dalam jumlah yang banyak . Pekerjaan teoritis baru menemukan bahwa meskipun komplikasi ini , uap air bisa saja melimpah di kantong-kantong ruang miliaran  tahun setelah Big Bang ....read more

Water could have been
abundant in first billion years after the Big Bang

Date:

April 28, 2015

Source:

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics

Summary:

How soon after the Big Bang could water have existed? Not right away,
because water molecules contain oxygen and oxygen had to be formed in the first
stars. Then that oxygen had to disperse and unite with hydrogen in significant
amounts. New theoretical work finds that despite these complications, water
vapor could have been just as abundant in pockets of space a billion years
after the Big Bang as it is today.

................

How soon after the Big
Bang could water have existed? Not right away, because water molecules contain
oxygen and oxygen had to be formed in the first stars. Then that oxygen had to
disperse and unite with hydrogen in significant amounts. New theoretical work
finds that despite these complications, water vapor could have been just as
abundant in pockets of space a billion years after the Big Bang as it is today.

"We looked at the chemistry within young molecular clouds containing a
thousand times less oxygen than our Sun. To our surprise, we found we can get
as much water vapor as we see in our own galaxy," says astrophysicist Avi
Loeb of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA).

The early universe lacked elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The
first generation of stars are believed to have been massive and short-lived.
Those stars generated elements like oxygen, which then spread outward via
stellar winds and supernova explosions. This resulted in "islands" of
gas enriched in heavy elements. Even these islands, however, were much poorer
in oxygen than gas within the Milky Way today.

The team examined the chemical reactions that could lead to the formation of
water within the oxygen-poor environment of early molecular clouds. They found
that at temperatures around 80 degrees Fahrenheit (300 Kelvin), abundant water
could form in the gas phase despite the relative lack of raw materials.

"These temperatures are likely because the universe then was warmer
than today and the gas was unable to cool effectively," explains lead
author and PhD student Shmuel Bialy of Tel Aviv University.

"The glow of the cosmic microwave background was hotter, and gas
densities were higher," adds Amiel Sternberg, a co-author from Tel Aviv
University.

Although ultraviolet light from stars would break apart water molecules,
after hundreds of millions of years an equilibrium could be reached between
water formation and destruction. The team found that equilibrium to be similar
to levels of water vapor seen in the local universe.

"You can build up significant quantities of water in the gas phase
even without much enrichment in heavy elements," adds Bialy.

This current work calculates how much water could exist in the gas phase
within molecular clouds that will form later generations of stars and planets.
It doesn't address how much water would exist in ice form (which dominates
within our galaxy) or what fraction of all the water might actually be
incorporated into newly forming planetary systems.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Harvard-Smithsonian
Center for Astrophysics. Note: Materials may be edited for content
and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Shmuel Bialy, Amiel Sternberg, Abraham Loeb. Water Formation During
the Epoch of First Metal Enrichment. Astrophysical Journal Letters,
2015 [link]



sumber


http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150428125402.htm

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