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Genome untuk sequencing king kobra

Ahli biologi yang baru saja sequencing genom king  kobra , mengatakan bahwa pekerjaan mereka mengungkapkan evolusi dinamis dan adaptasi dalam sistem racun ular , yang tampaknya terjadi sebagai respons terhadap perlombaan senjata evolusi antara ular berbisa dan mangsa mereka ....read more

Genome for the king cobra sequenced

Date:

December 3, 2013

Source:

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

Summary:

Biologists who have recently sequenced the genome of the king cobra, say
that their work reveals dynamic evolution and adaptation in the snake venom
system, which seemingly occurs in response to an evolutionary arms race between
venomous snakes and their prey.

...........................

Researchers from LSTM, along with a team of international biologists who
have recently sequenced the genome of the king cobra, say that their work
reveals dynamic evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system, which
seemingly occurs in response to an evolutionary arms race between venomous
snakes and their prey.

A paper co-lead by Dr Nicholas Casewell, a NERC research Fellow at LSTM,
and 34 co-authors from six countries, including the Director of the Alistair
Reid Venom Unit at LSTM, Dr Robert Harrison, has been published in the Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Members of this team also
analysed the genome of the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus)
and used it for comparison with the king cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah).
These papers represent the first complete and annotated snake genomes.

Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures encoded by several gene families
and these proteins function synergistically to cause rapid paralysis or death
in prey. The study provides an insight into the biology of the venom in snakes,
and allows the understanding of the evolution of venom genes at the genome
structural level. Armed with the both the king cobra and Burmese python genome
the team was able to show that, despite previous hypotheses that venom genes
evolve "early" in the lineage leading to snakes, venom gene families do
not duplicate early, in fact the study shows that the rapid and extensive
expansion of functionally important venom toxin families is restricted to the
venomous "advanced" snake lineage.

The diversification of these toxins correlates directly with their
functional importance in prey capture, for example the most pathogenic king
cobra toxin family have undergone massive expansion, while, in contrast, venom
proteins with less important functions do not participate in the evolutionary
arms race occurring between snakes and their prey.

Dr Nicholas Casewell said: "These are the first snake genomes to be
sequenced and fully annotated and our results in relation to the king cobra
provide a unique view of the origin and evolution of snake venom, including
revealing multiple genome-level adaptive responses to natural selection in this
complex biological weapon system. These adaptations include the massive and
rapid expansion of gene families that produce venom toxins, providing the snake
with a highly toxic protein mixture required to overcome a variety of different
prey and also circumvent any resistance to venom that may have developed in
such prey. Our study provides unique genome-wide perspectives on the adaptive
evolution of venom systems as well as protein evolution in general. As such it
contributes an essential foundation for understanding and comparing
evolutionary genomic processes in venomous organisms."

The work carried out by Dr Casewell and his co-authors was used in the
second paper outlining the analysis of the genome of the Burmese python, also
published in the same edition of PNAS.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal References:

1.   
F. J. Vonk, N. R. Casewell, C. V. Henkel, A. M. Heimberg, H. J. Jansen, R.
J. R. McCleary, H. M. E. Kerkkamp, R. A. Vos, I. Guerreiro, J. J. Calvete, W.
Wuster, A. E. Woods, J. M. Logan, R. A. Harrison, T. A. Castoe, A. P. J. de
Koning, D. D. Pollock, M. Yandell, D. Calderon, C. Renjifo, R. B. Currier, D.
Salgado, D. Pla, L. Sanz, A. S. Hyder, J. M. C. Ribeiro, J. W. Arntzen, G. E.
E. J. M. van den Thillart, M. Boetzer, W. Pirovano, R. P. Dirks, H. P. Spaink,
D. Duboule, E. McGlinn, R. M. Kini, M. K. Richardson. The king cobra
genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013; DOI:10.1073/pnas.1314702110

2.   
T. A. Castoe, A. P. J. de Koning, K. T. Hall, D. C. Card, D. R. Schield, M.
K. Fujita, R. P. Ruggiero, J. F. Degner, J. M. Daza, W. Gu, J. Reyes-Velasco,
K. J. Shaney, J. M. Castoe, S. E. Fox, A. W. Poole, D. Polanco, J. Dobry, M. W.
Vandewege, Q. Li, R. K. Schott, A. Kapusta, P. Minx, C. Feschotte, P. Uetz, D.
A. Ray, F. G. Hoffmann, R. Bogden, E. N. Smith, B. S. W. Chang, F. J. Vonk, N.
R. Casewell, C. V. Henkel, M. K. Richardson, S. P. Mackessy, A. M. Bronikowsi,
M. Yandell, W. C. Warren, S. M. Secor, D. D. Pollock. The Burmese
python genome reveals the molecular basis for extreme adaptation in snakes.Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314475110

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/12/131203090701.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily+(Latest+Science+News+--+ScienceDaily)

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