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Seperti Apa ular terlihat pertama ?
Date:
May 19, 2015
Source:
BioMed Central
Summary:
Ular nenek moyang adalah nokturnal , predator siluman - berburu yang memiliki hindlimbs kecil dengan pergelangan kaki dan jari kaki , menurut penelitian baru . Ular menunjukkan keragaman yang luar biasa , dengan lebih dari 3.400 spesies hidup yang ditemukan di berbagai habitat , seperti tanah , air dan di pohon-pohon . Tetapi sedikit yang diketahui tentang di mana dan kapan mereka berevolusi , dan bagaimana nenek moyang asli mereka tampak dan berperilaku .....read more
What did the first
snakes look like?
Date:
May 19, 2015
Source:
BioMed Central
Summary:
The original snake ancestor was a nocturnal, stealth-hunting predator that
had tiny hindlimbs with ankles and toes, according to new research. Snakes show
incredible diversity, with over 3,400 living species found in a wide range of
habitats, such as land, water and in trees. But little is known about where and
when they evolved, and how their original ancestor looked and behaved.
.....................
The original snake ancestor was a nocturnal, stealth-hunting predator that
had tiny hindlimbs with ankles and toes, according to research published in the
open access journal BMC Evolutionary Biology.
The study, led by Yale University, USA, analyzed fossils, genes, and anatomy
from 73 snake and lizard species, and suggests that snakes first evolved on
land, not in the sea, which contributes to a longstanding debate. They most
likely originated in the warm, forested ecosystems of the Southern Hemisphere
around 128 million years ago.
Snakes show incredible diversity, with over 3,400 living species found in a
wide range of habitats, such as land, water and in trees. But little is known
about where and when they evolved, and how their original ancestor looked and
behaved.
Lead author Allison Hsiang said: "While snake origins have been
debated for a long time, this is the first time these hypotheses have been
tested thoroughly using cutting-edge methods. By analyzing the genes, fossils
and anatomy of 73 different snake and lizard species, both living and extinct,
we've managed to generate the first comprehensive reconstruction of what the
ancestral snake was like."
By identifying similarities and differences between species, the team
constructed a large family tree and illustrated the major characteristics that
have played out throughout snake evolutionary history.
Their results suggest that snakes originated on land, rather than in water,
during the middle Early Cretaceous period (around 128.5 million years ago), and
most likely came from the ancient supercontinent of Laurasia. This period
coincides with the rapid appearance of many species of mammals and birds on
Earth.
The ancestral snake likely possessed a pair of tiny hindlimbs, and targeted
soft-bodied vertebrate and invertebrate prey that were relatively large in size
compared to prey targeted by lizards at the time. While the snake was not
limited to eating very small animals, it had not yet developed the ability to
manipulate prey much larger than itself by using constriction as a form of
attack, as seen in modern Boa constrictors.
While many ancestral reptiles were most active during the daytime
(diurnal), the ancestral snake is thought to have been nocturnal. Diurnal
habits later returned around 50-45 million years ago with the appearance of
Colubroidea -- the family of snakes that now make up over 85% of living snake
species. As colder night time temperatures may have limited nocturnal activity,
the researchers say that the success of Colubroidea may have been facilitated
by the return of these diurnal habits.
The results suggest that the success of snakes in occupying a range of
habitats over their evolutionary history is partly due to their skills as
'dispersers'. Snakes are estimated to be able to travel ranges up to 110,000
square kilometres, around 4.5 times larger than lizards. They are also able to
inhabit environments that traditionally hinder the dispersal of terrestrial
animals, having invaded aquatic habitats multiple times in their evolutionary
history.
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided
by BioMed Central. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1.
Allison Y Hsiang, Daniel J Field, Timothy H Webster, Adam DB Behlke,
Matthew B Davis, Rachel A Racicot, Jacques A Gauthier. The origin of
snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes
using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record.BMC Evolutionary
Biology, 2015; 15 (1) DOI:10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5