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Menapak paruh burung  ke asal-usul dinosaurus , di laboratorium

Date:

May 12, 2015

Source:

Yale University

Summary:

Menggunakan catatan fosil sebagai panduan , sebuah tim peneliti yang dipimpin oleh Yale paleontologis dan developmental biologi  Bhart - Anjan S. Bhullar dan Harvard developmental  biologi  Arhat Abzhanov melakukan pengembalian sukses pertama fitur tengkorak burung . Para ilmuwan mereplikasi pengembangan molekul leluhur untuk mengubah embrio ayam di laboratorium menjadi spesimen dengan moncong dan konfigurasi  langit-langit  mirip dengan dinosaurus kecil seperti Velociraptor dan Archaeopteryx .....read more

Tweaking the beak: Retracing the bird's
beak to its dinosaur origins, in the laboratory

Tweaker paruh : Menapak paruh burung
asal-usul dinosaurus , di laboratorium




Date:

May 12, 2015

Source:

Yale University

Summary:

Scientists have successfully

........................

Using the fossil record as a guide, a research team led by Yale
paleontologist and developmental biologist Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar and Harvard
developmental biologist Arhat Abzhanov conducted the first successful reversion
of a bird's skull features. The scientists replicated ancestral molecular
development to transform chicken embryos in a laboratory into specimens with a
snout and palate configuration similar to that of small dinosaurs such as Velociraptor andArchaeopteryx.

In the new study, Bhullar and his colleagues detail a novel approach to
finding the molecular mechanism involved in creating the skeleton of the beak.
First, they did a quantitative analysis of the anatomy of related fossils and
extant animals to generate a hypothesis about the transition; next, they
searched for possible shifts in gene expression that correlated with the
transition.

The team looked at gene expression in the embryos of emus, alligators,
lizards, and turtles. The researchers discovered that both major living
lineages of birds (the common neognaths and the rarer paleognaths) differ from
the major lineages of non-bird reptiles (crocodiles, turtles, and lizards) and
from mammals in having a unique, median gene expression zone of two different
facial development genes early in embryonic development. This median gene
expression had previously only been observed in chickens.

Using small-molecule inhibitors to eliminate the activity of the proteins
produced by the bird-specific, median signaling zone in chicken embryos, the
researchers were able to induce the ancestral molecular activity and the
ancestral anatomy. Not only did the beak structure revert, but the process also
caused the palatine bone on the roof of the mouth to go back to its ancestral
state. "This was unexpected and demonstrates the way in which a single,
simple developmental mechanism can have wide-ranging and unexpected
effects," Bhullar said.

The work took Bhullar from the alligator nests at Rockefeller Wildlife
Refuge in southern Louisiana to an emu farm in Massachusetts. He extracted DNA
from various species in order to clone fragments of genetic material to look
for specific gene expression.

Bhullar said the research has several implications. For example, he said,
if a single molecular mechanism was responsible for this transformation, there
should be a corresponding, linked transformation in the fossil record.
"This is borne out by the fact that Hesperonis --
discovered by Othniel Charles Marsh of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural
History -- which is a near relative of modern birds that still retains teeth
and the most primitive stem avian with a modernized beak in the form of fused,
elongate premaxillae, also possesses a modern bird palatine bone," he
said.

Premaxillae are the small bones at the tip of the upper jaw of most
animals, but are enlarged and fused to form the beak of birds.

Bhullar noted that this same approach could be used to investigate the
underlying developmental mechanisms of a host of great evolutionary
transformations.

The other corresponding authors are Zachary Morris, Elizabeth Sefton,
Bumjin Namkoong, and Jasmin Camacho, all of Harvard; Atalay Tok, of Uppsala
University; Masayoshi Tokita, of Toho University; and David Burnham, of the
University of Kansas.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by Yale University. The original article was written by
Jim Shelton.Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, Zachary S. Morris, Elizabeth M. Sefton, Atalay Tok,
Masayoshi Tokita, Bumjin Namkoong, Jasmin Camacho, David A. Burnham, Arhat
Abzhanov. A molecular mechanism for the origin of a key evolutionary
innovation, the bird beak and palate, revealed by an integrative approach to
major transitions in vertebrate history. Evolution, 2015; DOI:10.1111/evo.12684

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150512075417.htm

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