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Ular derik Diamondback  Timur ,quest for fire

Date:

May 21, 2015

Source:

University of South Carolina

Summary:

 ular Diamondback timur telah kehilangan 97 persen dari habitatnya sejak menjadi ikon Amerika pada Revolusi era ' don’t tread on me ' flag . Penelitian baru menunjukkan sifat kritis dari satu elemen dari berbagai habitat Diamondback itu , savana pinus . Untuk konservasionis mencari habitat pengganti untuk berkurangnya  populasi spesies sekarang , dengan menggarisbawahi perlunya pengelolaan kebakaran yang ditentukan untuk menjaga hutan  kanopi terbuka dan ekosistemnya .....read more

Eastern diamondback rattlesnakes' quest
for fire

Date:

May 21, 2015

Source:

University of South Carolina

Summary:

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake has lost 97 percent of its habitat
since becoming an American icon on the Revolutionary-era 'Don't Tread on Me'
flag. New research demonstrates the critical nature of one element of the
diamondback's home range, pine savanna. For conservationists seeking surrogate
habitats for the now-rare species' dwindling population, the results underscore
the need for prescribed fire management to maintain the open-canopy forest and
its ecosystem.

..........................

Two words that arouse immediate fear in some people inspire something else
altogether in Jennifer Fill.

"I love snakes and fire," Fill says. "When I was looking at
grad schools, I thought, 'if I can just combine those two things, I bet I'll be
really happy.'"

It's not about cozy campfires or garden-variety garters for Fill, a
biologist who recently defended her dissertation at the University of South Carolina.
The fires she's interested in are forest fires, and the snake that was the
subject of her doctoral studies is Crotalus adamanteus, commonly
called the eastern diamondback rattlesnake.

Once widespread throughout the southeastern U.S., eastern diamondback
rattlesnakes have become extremely rare due to loss of their habitat. An
eastern diamondback hasn't been spotted in the wild in Louisiana in twenty
years, it's become a state-protected rarity in North Carolina, and
conservationists applied in 2011 to have it listed federally as an endangered
species.

One key element of the diamondback's natural habitat is Fill's second
research love: fire. Diamondbacks have long been associated with open-canopy
forests, or savannas, in the southeastern U.S. These habitats experience
frequents fires, which turn out to be no problem for at least one important
tree, the longleaf pine, Pinus palustris. Fill says its combination
of growth patterns and structure make the longleaf pine one of the most
fire-resistant trees around.

"For its first six to twelve years, it stays a little seedling at
ground level," she says. "It develops a deep taproot, and if a fire
comes through, the needles burn in a way that protects the growing tip of the
plant."

After those early years of looking more like grass or a tiny bush at ground
level, the longleaf pine has a burst of growth, a "bolting" stage
that manifests a tall tree with a firm root. In the southeastern coastal plain,
the tree creates a natural habitat of well-spaced pines with a dense
groundcover of grass and low-lying shrubs -- fuel for the frequent and
necessary fires in the savannas.

A savanna ecosystem supports the kinds of medium-sized mammals that eastern
diamondbacks subsist on, such as rabbits, fox squirrels and raccoons. Fill
recently published a paper in PLOS ONE showing just how
critical that open-canopy environment is to the diamondback. Using telemetry to
follow the weekly-to-daily movements of a group of snakes in Colleton County,
on the southeastern coastal plain of South Carolina, she and her colleagues
demonstrated that pine savanna was an integral part of the animal's natural
habitat.

Conservation-minded scientists are interested in identifying surrogate
habitats that might support the dwindling population of eastern diamondbacks.
The recent paper addressed marshes as a potential candidate, but one
particularly noteworthy observation in the research is that every eastern
diamondback they studied had pine savanna as a part of its home range.

Open-canopy longleaf pine forests have been drastically reduced in acreage
over the years for a number reasons, one of which can be ascribed to a common
conservation practice promoted by another animal used as an emblem -- Smokey
the Bear.

Forest fire prevention has had a side effect of converting many savannas
into dense forests by removing the selection pressure of natural, periodic
wildfires or managed fires from the equation, Fill says. The longleaf pine is
out-competed by other tree species, the open canopy is closed and the ecosystem
changes accordingly.

Many property owners, however, actively manage their land with prescribed
burns. Quail habitats, for example, are best maintained with periodic fires,
and acreage managed in that way (Fill worked on such a property for her recent
paper) supports the diamondback populations as well.

Fill, who is interested in applying academic research to practical
conservation efforts, appreciates the disposition of the rattlesnakes -- and
snakes in general after working with them for years. She had to periodically
capture diamondbacks to replace or fit a new radio transmitter for tracking,
and handling them over the years reinforced the textbook conclusion that snakes
are innately shy, even ones that might have a fearsome reputation.

"The very last thing that they want is for you to even see them, much
less rattle or bite," she says. "Once I was tracking a snake and I
knew she was really close by, and it took me forever to even see her, and she
was right next to me. She didn't even rattle when I was picking her up with the
hook and putting her in a bag.

"These snakes are not aggressive animals and actually have distinct
personalities. It's been a privilege to see how they live in these fiery
places."







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by University of South Carolina. The original article
was written by Steven Powell. Note: Materials may be edited for content
and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Jennifer M. Fill, Jayme L. Waldron, Shane M. Welch, J. Whitfield Gibbons,
Stephen H. Bennett, Timothy A. Mousseau. Using Multiscale Spatial
Models to Assess Potential Surrogate Habitat for an Imperiled Reptile.PLOS
ONE, 2015; 10 (4): e0123307 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123307

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150521104930.htm

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