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Cerita dari batu Mars: analisis kimia baru meteorit Mars kuno memberikan
petunjuk sejarah planet dari kelayakhunian
Sebuah analisis baru dari batu Mars yang dipetik dari medan es Antartika 30
tahun yang lalu , bulan ini mengungkapkan catatan miliaran iklim planet dari
tahun lalu, kembali ketika air kemungkinan mencuci di permukaannya dan setiap
kehidupan yang pernah terbentuk ...read more
............................
Tales from a Martian rock: New chemical analysis of ancient Martian
meteorite provides clues to planet's history of habitability
Date:
December 22, 2014
Source:
University of
California - San Diego
Summary:
A new analysis of a
Martian rock that meteorite hunters plucked from an Antarctic ice field 30
years ago this month reveals a record of the planet's climate billions of years
ago, back when water likely washed across its surface and any life that ever
formed there might have emerged.
................
A new analysis of a
Martian rock that meteorite hunters plucked from an Antarctic ice field 30
years ago this month reveals a record of the planet's climate billions of years
ago, back when water likely washed across its surface and any life that ever
formed there might have emerged.
Scientists from the University of California, San Diego, NASA and the
Smithsonian Institution report detailed measurements of minerals within the
meteorite in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences this week.
"Minerals within the meteorite hold a snapshot of the planet's ancient
chemistry, of interactions between water and atmosphere," said Robina
Shaheen, a project scientist at UC San Diego and the lead author of the report.
The unlovely stone, which fell to Earth 13 thousand years ago, looked a lot
like a potato and has quite a history. Designated ALH84001, it is the oldest
meteorite we have from Mars, a chunk of solidified magma from a volcano that
erupted four billion years ago. Since then something liquid, probably water,
seeped through pores in the rock and deposited globules of carbonates and other
minerals.
The carbonates vary subtly depending on the sources of their carbon and
oxygen atoms. Both carbon and oxygen occur in heavier and lighter versions, or
isotopes. The relative abundances of isotopes forms a chemical signature that
careful analysis and sensitive measurements can uncover.
Mars's atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide but contains some ozone. The
balance of oxygen isotopes within ozone are strikingly weird with enrichment of
heavy isotopes through a physical chemical phenomenon first described by
co-author Mark Thiemens, a professor of chemistry at UC San Diego, and
colleagues 25 years ago.
"When ozone reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, it transfers
its isotopic weirdness to the new molecule," said Shaheen, who
investigated this process of oxygen isotope exchange as a graduate student at
the University of Heidelberg in Germany. When carbon dioxide reacts with water
to make carbonates, the isotopic signature continues to be preserved.
The degree of isotopic weirdness in the carbonates reflects how much water
and ozone was present when they formed. It's a record of climate 3.9 billion
years ago, locked in a stable mineral. The more water, the smaller the weird
ozone signal.
This team measured a pronounced ozone signal in the carbonates within the
meteorite, suggesting that although Mars had water back then, vast oceans were
unlikely. Instead, the early Martian landscape probably held smaller seas.
"What's also new is our simultaneous measurements of carbon isotopes
on the same samples. The mix of carbon isotopes suggest that the different
minerals within the meteorite had separate origins," Shaheen said.
"They tell us the story of the chemical and isotopic compositions of the
atmospheric carbon dioxide."
ALH84001 held tiny tubes of carbonate that some scientists saw as potential
evidence of microbial life, though a biological origin for the structures has
been discarded. On December 16, NASA announced another potential whiff of
Martian life in the form of methane sniffed by the rover Curiosity.
Carbonates can be deposited by living things that scavenge the minerals to
build their skeletons, but that is not the case for the minerals measured by
this team. "The carbonate we see is not from living things," Shaheen
said. "It has anomalous oxygen isotopes that tell us this carbonate is
abiotic."
By measuring the isotopes in multiple ways, the chemists found carbonates
depleted in carbon-13 and enriched in oxygen-18. That is, Mars's atmosphere in
this era, a period of great bombardment, had much less carbon-13 than it does
today.
The change in relative abundances of carbon and oxygen isotopes may have
occurred through extensive loss of Martian atmosphere. A thicker atmosphere
would likely have been required for liquid water to flow on the planet's chilly
surface.
"We now have a much deeper and specific insight into the earliest
oxygen-water system in the solar system," Thiemens said. "The
question that remains is when did planets, Earth and Mars, get water, and in
the case of Mars, where did it go? We've made great progress, but still deep
mysteries remain."
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by University
of California - San Diego. The original article was written by Susan Brown. Note: Materials
may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Robina Shaheen, Paul B. Niles, Kenneth
Chong, Catherine M. Corrigan, and Mark H. Thiemens. Carbonate formation
events in ALH 84001 trace the evolution of the Martian atmosphere. PNAS,
December 22, 2014 DOI:10.1073/pnas.1315615112
