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Metode non-invasif baru yang dapat
mendeteksi penyakit Alzheimer awal
Pendekatan MRI noninvasif yang dapat mendeteksi penyakit Alzheimer dalam
hewan hidup, baik sebelum gejala Alzheimer yang khas muncul, telah dikembangkan
oleh para peneliti. Tim peneliti menciptakan penyelidikan MRI struktur nano magnetik dengan antibodi yang
berusaha keluarkan the amyloid beta brain toxins yang bertanggung jawab atas timbulnya penyakit
ini..... Akumulasi Racun .... karena struktur nano magnetik yang terkait,
muncul sebagai daerah gelap di MRI scan otak....read more
...............................
New non-invasive
method can detect Alzheimer's disease early
Date:
December 22, 2014
Source:
Northwestern
University
Summary:
A noninvasive MRI
approach that can detect the Alzheimer's disease in a living animal, well
before typical Alzheimer's symptoms appear, has been developed by researchers.
The research team created an MRI probe that pairs a magnetic nanostructure with
an antibody that seeks out the amyloid beta brain toxins responsible for onset
of the disease. The accumulated toxins, because of the associated magnetic
nanostructures, show up as dark areas in MRI scans of the brain.
..........................
No methods currently exist for the early detection
of Alzheimer's disease, which affects one out of nine people over the age of
65. Now, an interdisciplinary team of Northwestern University scientists and
engineers has developed a noninvasive MRI approach that can detect the disease
in a living animal. And it can do so at the earliest stages of the disease,
well before typical Alzheimer's symptoms appear.
Led by neuroscientist William L. Klein and materials scientist Vinayak P.
Dravid, the research team developed an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) probe
that pairs a magnetic nanostructure (MNS) with an antibody that seeks out the
amyloid beta brain toxins responsible for onset of the disease. The accumulated
toxins, because of the associated magnetic nanostructures, show up as dark
areas in MRI scans of the brain.
This ability to detect the molecular toxins may one day enable scientists
to both spot trouble early and better design drugs or therapies to combat and
monitor the disease. And, while not the focus of the study, early evidence
suggests the MRI probe improves memory, too, by binding to the toxins to render
them "handcuffed" to do further damage.
"We have a new brain imaging method that can detect the toxin that
leads to Alzheimer's disease," said Klein, who first identified the
amyloid beta oligomer in 1998. He is a professor of neurobiology in the
Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.
"Using MRI, we can see the toxins attached to neurons in the
brain," Klein said. "We expect to use this tool to detect this
disease early and to help identify drugs that can effectively eliminate the
toxin and improve health."
With the successful demonstration of the MRI probe, Northwestern
researchers now have established the molecular basis for the cause, detection
by non-invasive MR imaging and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Dravid
introduced this magnetic nanostructure MRI contrast enhancement approach for
Alzheimer's following his earlier work utilizing MNS as smart nanotechnology
carriers for targeted cancer diagnostics and therapy. (A MNS is typically 10 to
15 nanometers in diameter; one nanometer is one billionth of a meter.)
Details of the new Alzheimer's disease diagnostic are published by the
journal Nature Nanotechnology. Klein and Dravid are
co-corresponding authors.
The emotional and economic impacts of Alzheimer's disease are devastating.
This year, the direct cost of the disease in the United States is more than
$200 billion, according to the Alzheimer's Association's "2014 Alzheimer's
Disease Facts and Figures." By the year 2050, that cost is expected to be
$1.1 trillion as baby boomers age. And these figures do not account for the
lost time of caregivers.
This new MRI probe technology is detecting something different from
conventional technology: toxic amyloid beta oligomers instead of plaques, which
occur at a stage of Alzheimer's when therapeutic intervention would be very
late. Amyloid beta oligomers now are widely believed to be the culprit in the
onset of Alzheimer's disease and subsequent memory loss.
In a diseased brain, the mobile amyloid beta oligomers attack the synapses
of neurons, destroying memory and ultimately resulting in neuron death. As time
progresses, the amyloid beta builds up and starts to stick together, forming
the amyloid plaques that current probes target. Oligomers may appear more than
a decade before plaques are detected.
"Non-invasive imaging by MRI of amyloid beta oligomers is a giant step
forward towards diagnosis of this debilitating disease in its earliest
form," said Dravid, the Abraham Harris Professor of Materials Science and
Engineering at the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science.
There is a major need for what the Northwestern research team is doing --
identifying and detecting the correct biomarker for new drug discovery. Despite
extraordinary efforts, no effective drugs exist yet for Alzheimer's disease.
"This MRI method could be used to determine how well a new drug is
working," Dravid said. "If a drug is effective, you would expect the
amyloid beta signal to go down."
The nontoxic MRI probe was delivered intranasally to mouse models with
Alzheimer's disease and control animals without the disease. In animals with
Alzheimer's, the toxins' presence can be seen clearly in the hippocampus in MRI
scans of the brain. No dark areas, however, were seen in the hippocampus of the
control group.
The ability to detect amyloid beta oligomers, Klein said, is important for
two reasons: amyloid beta oligomers are the toxins that damage neurons, and the
oligomers are the first sign of trouble in the disease process, appearing
before any other pathology.
Klein, Dravid and their colleagues also observed that the behavior of
animals with Alzheimer's improved even after receiving a single dose of the MRI
probe.
"While preliminary, the data suggests the probe could be used not only
as a diagnostic tool but also as a therapeutic," said Kirsten L. Viola, a
co-first author of the study and a research manager in Klein's laboratory.
Along with the studies in live animals, the research team also studied
human brain tissue from Northwestern's Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's
Disease Center. The samples were from individuals who died from Alzheimer's and
those who did not have the disease. After introducing the MRI probe, the
researchers saw large dark areas in the Alzheimer brains, indicating the
presence of amyloid beta oligomers.
The title of the paper is "Towards non-invasive diagnostic imaging of
early-stage Alzheimer's disease."
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by Northwestern University. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Kirsten L. Viola, James Sbarboro, Ruchi
Sureka, Mrinmoy De, MaÃra A. Bicca, Jane Wang, Shaleen Vasavada, Sreyesh
Satpathy, Summer Wu, Hrushikesh Joshi, Pauline T. Velasco, Keith MacRenaris, E.
Alex Waters, Chang Lu, Joseph Phan, Pascale Lacor, Pottumarthi Prasad, Vinayak
P. Dravid, William L. Klein.Towards non-invasive diagnostic imaging of
early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Nature Nanotechnology, 2014;
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.254
