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Brontosaurus is back ! 

Meski dikenal sebagai salah satu dinosaurus paling ikonik , Brontosaurus (  ' thunder lizard ' ) telah lama dianggap kesalahan klasifikasi . Sejak 1903 , komunitas ilmiah telah percaya bahwa genus Brontosaurus sebenarnya adalah  Apatosaurus . Sekarang , sebuah studi baru lengkap dengan palaeontolog dari Portugal dan Inggris memberikan bukti yang meyakinkan bahwa Brontosaurus berbeda dari Apatosaurus dan dengan demikian sekarang dapat kembali sebagai genus yang unik ....read more

Brontosaurus is
back! Brontosaurus is a unique genus after all

Date:

April 7, 2015

Source:

PeerJ

Summary:

Although well known as
one of the most iconic dinosaurs, Brontosaurus (the 'thunder lizard') has long
been considered misclassified. Since 1903, the scientific community has
believed that the genus Brontosaurus was in fact the Apatosaurus. Now, an
exhaustive new study by palaeontologists from Portugal and the UK provides
conclusive evidence that Brontosaurus is distinct from Apatosaurus and as such
can now be reinstated as its own unique genus.

........................

although well known as
one of the most iconic dinosaurs, Brontosaurus(the
'thunder lizard') has long been considered misclassified. Since 1903, the
scientific community has believed that the genusBrontosaurus was in fact the Apatosaurus.
Now, an exhaustive new study by palaeontologists from Portugal and the UK
provides conclusive evidence thatBrontosaurus is distinct from Apatosaurus and as such can now be reinstated as
its own unique genus.

Brontosaurus is one of the most charismatic dinosaurs of all time, inspiring
generations of children thanks to its size and evocative name. However, as
every armchair palaeontologist knows, Brontosaurus was in fact
a misnomer, and it should be correctly referred to as Apatosaurus.
At least, this is what scientists have believed since 1903, when it was decided
that the differences between Brontosaurus excelsus andApatosaurus were
so minor that it was better to put them both in the same genus. Because Apatosauruswas
named first, it was the one that was used under the rules of scientific naming.

In fact, of course, the Brontosaurus was never really gone
-- it was simply treated as a species of the genus Apatosaurus: Apatosaurus
excelsus. So, while scientists thought the genus Brontosaurus was
the same as Apatosaurus, they always agreed that the species
excelsus was different from other Apatosaurus species. Now,
palaeontologists Emanuel Tschopp, Octávio Mateus, and Roger Benson say thatBrontosaurus was
a unique genus all along. But let's start from the beginning.

The history of Brontosaurus is complex, and one of the
most intriguing stories in science. In the 1870s, the Western United States
formed the location for dozens of new finds of fossil species, most notably of
dinosaurs. Field crews excavated numerous new skeletons mostly for the famous
and influential palaeontologists Marsh and Cope. During that period, Marsh's
team discovered two enormous, partial skeletons of long-necked dinosaurs and
shipped them to the Yale Peabody Museum in New Haven, where Marsh worked. Marsh
described the first of these skeletons asApatosaurus ajax, the
"deceptive lizard" after the Greek hero Ajax. Two years later, he
named the second skeleton Brontosaurus excelsus, the "noble thunder
lizard." However, because neither of the skeletons were found with a
skull, Marsh reconstructed one for Brontosaurus excelsus. Brontosaurus was
a massive animal, like Apatosaurus, and like another long-necked
dinosaur from the Western United States, Camarasaurus. Because of
this similarity, it seemed logical at the time thatBrontosaurus had
a similarly stout, box-like skull to that of Camarasaurus. However,
this reconstruction was later found to be wrong.

Shortly after Marsh's death, a team from the Field Museum of Chicago found
another skeleton similar to both Apatosaurus ajax and Brontosaurus
excelsus. In fact, this skeleton was intermediate in shape in many aspects.
Therefore, palaeontologists thought that Brontosaurus excelsus was
actually so similar to Apatosaurus ajax that it would be more
correct to treat them as two different species of the same genus. It was the
second extinction of Brontosaurus -- a scientific one: from
now on, Brontosaurus excelsus became known as Apatosaurus
excelsus and the name Brontosaurus was not considered
scientifically valid any more.

The final blow to "Brontosaurus" happened in the 1970s, when
researchers showed that Apatosaurus was not closely related
to Camarasaurus, but to yet another dinosaur from the same
area: Diplodocus. Because Diplodocus had a
slender, horse-like skull, Apatosaurus and thus also
"Brontosaurus" must have had a skull more similar to Diplodocus instead
of to Camarasaurus -- and so the popular, but untrue myth
about "Brontosaurus" being an Apatosaurus with the
wrong head was born.

But now, in a new study published in the peer reviewed open access
journal PeerJ and consisting of almost 300 pages of evidence,
a team of scientists from Portugal and the UK have shown that Brontosaurus was
distinct from Apatosaurus after all -- the thunder lizard is
back!

How can a single study overthrow more than a century of research? "Our
research would not have been possible at this level of detail 15 or more years
ago," explains Emanuel Tschopp, a Swiss national who led the study during
his PhD at Universidade Nova de Lisboa in Portugal, "in fact, until very
recently, the claim that Brontosauruswas the same as Apatosaurus was
completely reasonable, based on the knowledge we had." It is only with
numerous new findings of dinosaurs similar to Apatosaurus andBrontosaurus in
recent years that it has become possible to undertake a detailed
reinvestigation of how different they actually were.

In science, the distinction between species and genera is without clear
rules. Does this mean that the decision to resurrect Brontosaurus is
just a matter of personal preference? "Not at all," explains Tschopp,
"we tried to be as objective as possible whenever making a decision which
would differentiate between species and genus." The researchers applied
statistical approaches to calculate the differences between other species and
genera of diplodocid dinosaurs, and were surprised by the result. "The
differences we found between Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus were
at least as numerous as the ones between other closely related genera, and much
more than what you normally find between species," explained Roger Benson,
a co-author from the University of Oxford.

Therefore, Tschopp and colleagues have concluded that it is now possible to
resurrectBrontosaurus as a genus distinct from Apatosaurus.
"It's the classic example of how science works," said Professor
Mateus, a collaborator on the research. "Especially when hypotheses are
based on fragmentary fossils, it is possible for new finds to overthrow years
of research."

Science is a process, always moving towards a clearer picture of the world
around us. Sometimes this also means that we have to step backwards a bit
before we continue to advance. That's what keeps the curiosity going. Hence, it
is fitting that theBrontosaurus which sparked the curiosity of
millions of people worldwide has now returned to do so again.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by PeerJ. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.    Emanuel Tschopp, Octávio Mateus, Roger
B.J. Benson. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic
revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ, 2015;
3: e857 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.857

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150407085256.htm

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