T-REC NEWS 4 U: North America

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karang langka zaman Jurassic awal Amerika Utara--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik--koral-coral-jurassic--berita artikel tentang jenis koral zaman jurassic

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karang langka zaman Jurassic awal Amerika Utara

Date:

September 29, 2015

Source:

Geological Society of America

Summary:

Peristiwa kepunahan massal menekankan evolusi lingkungan laut , dan biota pemulihan membuka jalan bagi perubahan biotik utama . Memahami respon dari organisme laut dalam tahap pemulihan pasca - kepunahan sangat penting untuk mendapatkan wawasan tentang dinamika perubahan ini , banyak reorganisasi biotik  yang dibawa tersapu.

........ Karena karang Awal  Jurassic dari Amerika Utara yang sangat langka , kejadian yang baru ditemukan sangat penting untuk memahami tanggapan biotik dalam interval pasca kepunahan  massal.....more

Rare early Jurassic corals of North America

Date:

September 29, 2015

Source:

Geological Society of America

Summary:

Mass extinction events punctuate the evolution of marine environments, and recovery biotas paved the way for major biotic changes. Understanding the responses of marine organisms in the post-extinction recovery phase is paramount to gaining insight into the dynamics of these changes, many of which brought sweeping biotic reorganizations.

.....................

In the October issue of GSA Today, Montana Hodges and George Stanley Jr. of the University of Montana Paleontology Center report on coral recovery after the end-Triassic mass extinction event at the Triassic-Jurassic (T/J) mass extinction boundary. The authors examined Jurassic corals in a continuous depositional section of the Gabbs and Sunrise Formations near New York Canyon in west-central Nevada, USA.

Because Early Jurassic corals from North America are so rare, newly discovered occurrences are vital to understanding biotic responses in the post-mass extinction interval. In this paper, Hodges and Stanley make a preliminary report of the earliest Jurassic corals from the U.S., which are also some of the earliest in North America. These examples occur at New York Canyon in west-central Nevada's Sunrise Formation.

This site has attracted international attention because it is among the best-documented T/J sections in North America. The coral occurrences in this section are near the T/J boundary, making the Nevada site ideal for understanding the dynamics of coral recovery and comparing them with the Tethys.

The authors write that these New York Canyon corals offer additional information on recovery in eastern Panthalassa along the craton of North America. "Paleogeographically, the New York Canyon corals show a strong connection with the Tethys, but in contrast are exclusively solitary and exclusively stylophyllid taxa. Hettangian corals are unknown from North America, so for the present, the New York Canyon site may be the earliest North American Jurassic example."

According to Hodges and Stanley, analysis of these corals fills a neglected but important part of the T/J recovery phase in North America, while lending support for an earlier opening of the Hispanic Corridor.

Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided byGeological Society of America. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Montana S. Hodges, George D. Stanley. North American coral recovery after the end-Triassic mass extinction, New York Canyon, Nevada, USA. GSA Today, 2015; 15 (10): 4 DOI: 10.1130/GSATG249A.1

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150929142520.htm

Laporan pertama dari virus tanaman baru di Amerika Utara--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

11.45

virus tanaman

Laporan pertama dari virus tanaman baru di Amerika Utara

Bukti mastrevirus baru , sementara bernama switchgrass mosaik terkait virus 1 , telah ditemukan oleh para peneliti . Anggota lain dari genus mastrevirus , sekelompok virus DNA , diketahui bertanggung jawab untuk decimating  hasil dari tanaman pangan pokok - termasuk jagung , gandum dan tebu - di seluruh Afrika , Eropa , Asia dan Australia . Ini belum pernah dilaporkan di Amerika Utara ....read more




First report of
a new crop virus in North America

Date:

April 9, 2015

Source:

Institute for Genomic
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Summary:

Evidence of the new
mastrevirus, tentatively named switchgrass mosaic-associated virus 1, has been
discovered by researchers. Other members of the mastrevirus genus, a group of
DNA viruses, are known to be responsible for decimating yields in staple food
crops -- including corn, wheat and sugarcane -- throughout Africa, Europe, Asia
and Australia. It has never been reported in North America.

......................

the switchgrass
exhibited mosaic symptoms--splotchy, discolored leaves--characteristic of a
viral infection, yet tested negative for known infections. Deep sequencing, a
new technology, revealed the plants were infected with a new virus in the genus
mastrevirus, the first of its kind found in North America.

University of Illinois scientists reported in Archives of Virology evidence
of the new mastrevirus, tentatively named switchgrass mosaic-associated virus 1
(SgMaV-1). Other members of the mastrevirus genus, a group of DNA viruses, are
known to be responsible for decimating yields in staple food crops (including
corn, wheat and sugarcane) throughout Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. It
has never been reported in North America.

Many mastreviruses are transmitted from plant to plant by leafhoppers. The
rate of infection rises with leafhopper populations, which can cause widespread
epidemics and complete yield loss in some crops. Researchers are not sure what
vector transmits SgMaV-1 and the impacts of the virus on switchgrass biomass
yield, nor do they know what other crops the new virus affects.

"My fear is that this virus is in corn and wheat, and we are not even
aware of it," said first author Bright Agindotan, a former postdoctoral
researcher at the Energy Biosciences Institute, housed within the Carl R. Woese
Institute for Genomic Biology. "It's like when you are sick and go to the
hospital, but the doctors say nothing is wrong with you because they only test
for what they know."

To be considered the same species in the mastrevirus genus, two viruses
must share a minimum of 75 percent of the same genome. Agindotan and his team
found two virus isolates that shared 88 percent of the same genome, but just
56-57 percent of any other known mastrevirus. These two isolates are strains of
SgMaV-1.

Researchers tested 17 switchgrass varieties that had mosaic symptoms at the
EBI Energy Farm. They detected the new virus in all but one variety, called
Shenandoah. Switchgrass is a perennial crop, so these infected plants will
continue to grow and accumulate the virus year after year, serving as a
reservoir for the virus.

"We don't know the impact of this virus on the biomass yield of the
energy crops," said Agindotan, who is currently a research assistant
professor at Montana State University. "We don't know if this virus will
affect cereal crops. We don't know the specific leafhoppers that transmit it,
assuming it is transmitted by leafhoppers like other members of the mastrevirus
genus."

The mosaic symptoms may have been caused by SgMaV-1, another type of virus
infecting the plant, or some combination of the two. In future studies,
virus-free plants will need to be infected with SgMaV-1 to see which species
are vulnerable and what symptoms emerge. Additional research will determine
infectivity, host range, pathogenicity, epidemiology, and vector transmission
of SgMaV-1.

"The world is like a global village," Agindotan said.
"Plants are imported into United States legally (and illegally) after
being certified free of a list of restricted pests. The list is based on known
pests. So, it is possible to import plants infected with unknown pests. The
origin of the new virus is unknown, but it is most closely related to members
of the mastrevirus genus found in Australia.

"You can only test for what you know. Using a technology that detects
both known and unknown pathogens is a good tool for food safety."







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Institute for Genomic Biology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The original article was written by
Claire Sturgeon. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.    Bright O. Agindotan, Leslie L. Domier,
Carl A. Bradley. Detection and characterization of the first North
American mastrevirus in switchgrass.Archives of Virology, 2015;
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2367-5

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150409182953.htm

Leluhur buaya adalah predator teratas sebelum dinosaurus menjelajahi Amerika Utara--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

05.07

North America

Leluhur buaya adalah predator teratas sebelum dinosaurus menjelajahi Amerika Utara

Sebuah nenek moyang buaya yang baru ditemukan mungkin telah mengisi salah satu peran predator puncak di Amerika Utara sebelum dinosaurus tiba di benua itu . Carnufex carolinensis , atau ' Jagal Carolina , ', crocodylomorph darat  sembilan kaki panjangnya  yang berjalan dengan kaki belakangnya dari ekosistem North Carolina seperti reptil lapis baja dan kerabat mamalia awal ....read more




Crocodile
ancestor was top predator before dinosaurs roamed North America

Date:

March 19, 2015

Source:

North Carolina State
University

Summary:

A newly discovered
crocodilian ancestor may have filled one of North America's top predator roles
before dinosaurs arrived on the continent. Carnufex carolinensis, or the
'Carolina Butcher,' was a nine-foot long, land-dwelling crocodylomorph that
walked on its hind legs and likely preyed upon smaller inhabitants of North
Carolina ecosystems such as armored reptiles and early mammal relatives.

...................

A newly discovered
crocodilian ancestor may have filled one of North America's top predator roles
before dinosaurs arrived on the continent.Carnufex
carolinensis, or the "Carolina Butcher," was a 9-foot
long, land-dwelling crocodylomorph that walked on its hind legs and likely
preyed upon smaller inhabitants of North Carolina ecosystems such as armored
reptiles and early mammal relatives.

Paleontologists from North Carolina State University and the North Carolina
Museum of Natural Sciences recovered parts of Carnufex's skull,
spine and upper forelimb from the Pekin Formation in Chatham County, North
Carolina. Because the skull of Carnufex was preserved in
pieces, it was difficult to visualize what the complete skull would have looked
like in life. To get a fuller picture of Carnufex's skull the
researchers scanned the individual bones with the latest imaging technology --
a high-resolution surface scanner. Then they created a three-dimensional model of
the reconstructed skull, using the more complete skulls of close relatives to
fill in the missing pieces.

The Pekin Formation contains sediments deposited 231 million years ago in
the beginning of the Late Triassic (the Carnian), when what is now North Carolina
was a wet, warm equatorial region beginning to break apart from the
supercontinent Pangea. "Fossils from this time period are extremely
important to scientists because they record the earliest appearance of
crocodylomorphs and theropod dinosaurs, two groups that first evolved in the
Triassic period, yet managed to survive to the present day in the form of
crocodiles and birds," says Lindsay Zanno, assistant research professor at
NC State, director of the Paleontology and Geology lab at the museum, and lead
author of a paper describing the find. "The discovery of Carnufex,
one of the world's earliest and largest crocodylomorphs, adds new information
to the push and pull of top terrestrial predators across Pangea."

Typical predators roaming Pangea included large-bodied rauisuchids and
poposauroids, fearsome cousins of ancient crocodiles that went extinct in the
Triassic Period. In the Southern Hemisphere, "these animals hunted
alongside the earliest theropod dinosaurs, creating a predator pile-up,"
says Zanno. However, the discovery of Carnufex indicates that
in the north, large-bodied crocodylomorphs, not dinosaurs, were adding to the
diversity of top predator niches. "We knew that there were too many top
performers on the proverbial stage in the Late Triassic," Zanno adds.
"Yet, until we deciphered the story behind Carnufex, it wasn't
clear that early crocodile ancestors were among those vying for top predator
roles prior to the reign of dinosaurs in North America."

As the Triassic drew to a close, extinction decimated this panoply of
predators and only small-bodied crocodylomorphs and theropods survived.
"Theropods were ready understudies for vacant top predator niches when
large-bodied crocs and their relatives bowed out," says Zanno. "Predatory
dinosaurs went on to fill these roles exclusively for the next 135 million
years."

Still, ancient crocodiles found success in other places. "As theropod
dinosaurs started to make it big, the ancestors of modern crocs initially took
on a role similar to foxes or jackals, with small, sleek bodies and long
limbs," says Susan Drymala, graduate student at NC State and co-author of
the paper. "If you want to picture these animals, just think of a modern
day fox, but with alligator skin instead of fur."







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by North Carolina State University.Note: Materials may be edited for
content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.    Lindsay E. Zanno, Susan Drymala,
Sterling J. Nesbitt, Vincent P. Schneider. Early crocodylomorph
increases top tier predator diversity during rise of dinosaurs. Scientific
Reports, 2015; 5: 9276 DOI: 10.1038/srep09276

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150319080348.htm

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