KB hormonal mengubah komunikasi aroma pada primata--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

10.27

primata

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KB hormonal mengubah komunikasi aroma pada primata

Kontrasepsi hormonal mengubah cara  lemur ekor cincin captive berhubungan satu sama lain baik secara sosial dan seksual, menurut sebuah studi yang dikombinasikan dengan analisis hormon, gen, bahan kimia aroma dan perilaku......read more

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Hormonal birth control alters scent communication in primates

Date:

July 29, 2010

Source:

Duke University

Summary:

Hormonal contraceptives change the ways captive ring-tailed lemurs relate to one another both socially and sexually, according to a study that combined analyses of hormones, genes, scent chemicals and behavior.

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hormonal contraceptives change the ways captive ring-tailed lemurs relate to one another both socially and sexually, according to a Duke University study that combined analyses of hormones, genes, scent chemicals and behavior.

Contraception alters the chemical cues these scent-reliant animals use to determine genetic fitness, relatedness and individuality. And, as a sort of double whammy to birth-control efforts, male lemurs were shown to be less interested in females that were treated with contraceptives.

"Hormonal contraception is known to alter the attractiveness of scent cues in humans and the presence of fertility cues in other primates," said Christine Drea, an associate professor of evolutionary anthropology at Duke. "We wanted to understand all the ways in which contraception changes scent cues and the subsequent way these animals might interact with each other."

A dozen female lemurs at the Duke Lemur Center were given monthly injections of the contraceptive Medroxyprogesterone acetate, or MPA, (marketed as Depo-Provera by Pfizer). Drea's chemical analysis found that they expressed different scent molecules than "intact" females, significantly altering the signals females send about themselves to social contacts and prospective partners. In other words, they smell funny.

The findings are part of a series of studies that Drea's group has done using chromatography to tease apart the chemical components of the rich stew of scents produced by lemurs. A female lemur's scent normally conveys not only her fertility status, but also information about identity, her relatedness to others and her genetic homozygosity, an indicator of in-breeding.

If all of that information is scrambled by hormonal contraception, it may in part explain changed patterns of aggression that other studies have noted when captive primates are treated with contraceptives, Drea said.

In this study, the 12 females served as both intact and contracepted females by being sampled in each condition. Under contraception, the females were found to express some scents that intact females do not, and to express scents in different proportions. The contracepted females also tended to lose their scent individuality.

"There's something very different about these gals," Drea said. "If animals are figuring out who their kin are by scent, she no longer smells like her brother."

In behavioral tests, the 13 males in the study showed clear preferences for the scents of intact females, spending less time investigating odor samples from contracepted females.

The bigger question is whether these findings are relevant for our own species, Drea said. Humans are known to send and receive olfactory cues about hormonal status and possible compatibility. "One has to wonder if human mate choice might be affected in some of the same ways it has been in these primates," Drea said.

The research, supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, appears online inProceedings of the Royal Society B.

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Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Duke University. The original article was written by Karl Leif Bates. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100727201507.htm

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Lemur buah memiliki skor lebih tinggi pada tes memori spasial--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

10.24

lemur

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Lemur buah memiliki skor lebih tinggi pada tes memori spasial

Tes menemukan Makanan pada  lima spesies lemur menunjukkan pemakan buah  mungkin memiliki memori spasial yang lebih baik daripada lemur dengan makanan yang lebih bervariasi. Hasil mendukung gagasan bahwa yang mengandalkan makanan  musiman  memberikan keunggulan kompetitif bagi individu dengan kemampuan kognitif tertentu - seperti mengingat di mana barang yang........read more

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Fruit-loving lemurs score higher on spatial memory tests

Date:

February 21, 2014

Source:

Duke University

Summary:

Food-finding tests in five lemur species show fruit-eaters may have better spatial memory than lemurs with a more varied diet. The results support the idea that relying on foods that are seasonally available and far-flung gives a competitive edge to individuals with certain cognitive abilities -- such as remembering where the goodies are.

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food-finding tests in five lemur species show that fruit-eaters may have better spatial memory than lemurs with a more varied diet.

The results support the idea that relying on foods that are seasonally available and far-flung gives a competitive edge to individuals with certain cognitive abilities -- such as remembering where the goodies are.

In a study appearing in the journal Animal Cognition, researchers Alexandra Rosati at Yale University and Kerri Rodriguez and Brian Hare of Duke compared spatial memory skills across five species of lemurs living in captivity at the Duke Lemur Center -- fruit-eating red-ruffed and black-and-white ruffed lemurs, leaf-eating Coquerel's sifakas, and ring-tailed and mongoose lemurs that eat a mix of fruit, leaves, seeds, flowers, nectar and insects.

A total of 64 animals took part in the studies, which measured their ability to remember the locations of food treats in mazes and boxes. The results are consistent with these species' foraging behavior in the wild, the researchers say, with fruit-eaters doing well and omnivores lagging behind.

In the first experiment, the lemurs learned the location of food hidden in one of two arms of a T-shaped maze. A week later, the fruit-eating ruffed lemurs were the only species able to retain and recall the right spot.

A second experiment tested whether the lemurs were recalling the exact spot or just remembering the turns they took along the way. First the lemurs learned how to find a piece of food hidden in one wing of a symmetrical cross-shaped maze. Ten minutes later, the lemurs were moved to a new starting position in the maze and released to find their way again.

The ruffed lemurs were most likely to set off again to the right spot in the cross-maze, even though they had to take new turns to get there. "Before they might have turned right, but now they had to turn left to get to the same spot," Rosati said.

The results suggest that ruffed lemurs primarily rely on a memory of the place, rather than a memory of what turns they took. The other species showed a mix of both strategies.

Finally, to better reflect the situations lemurs face when foraging in the wild, a third experiment tested the lemurs' ability to remember multiple locations. In the initial session, a lemur was allowed to explore a room containing eight open boxes, each marked with a distinct visual cue. Half the boxes were baited with food and half were empty. After the lemur learned which boxes contained food and which didn't, all eight boxes were baited with food and covered with lids to keep it from view. Ten minutes later, when each lemur searched the room again, only the ruffed lemurs preferentially searched spots where they found food before.

In their native Madagascar, ruffed lemurs' diets can exceed 90% fruit -- especially figs. Remembering when and where to find food from one season to the next requires keen spatial skills and good powers of recall. Fruit is only ripe and ready to eat on a given tree for a limited time, and the next fruit-laden tree may be far away in the forest.

Coquerel's sifakas eat mostly leaves, which are easier to find and available for more months of the year. And ring-tailed lemurs and mongoose lemurs -- who finished in second and third place in many of the memory tests -- can grab a snack pretty much anywhere, anytime, Rosati explained.

Animals living in captivity don't have to forage for food in the same way they do in the wild, so the differences the experiments found are probably innate, not learned, the researchers said.

The study is part of a long history of research aimed at understanding the origins of primate intelligence. The most widely accepted idea is that humans and other primates owe their smarts to the demands of getting along in a group. But far fewer studies have examined the idea that some aspects of primate intelligence arose because they helped the animals deal with other challenges, such as foraging for food. The researchers point out that the most social species in this study -- the ring-tailed lemurs -- fell in the middle of the pack in terms of spatial memory skills.

"Our results suggests that different cognitive skills might evolve for different reasons," Rosati said.

---

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Duke University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

---

Journal Reference:

1.    Alexandra G. Rosati, Kerri Rodriguez, Brian Hare. The ecology of spatial memory in four lemur species. Animal Cognition, 2014; DOI: 10.1007/s10071-014-0727-2

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140221150455.htm

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DNA sheds light pada Mengapa lemur terbesar menghilang--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

07.31

sheds light

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DNA sheds light  pada Mengapa lemur terbesar menghilang

DNA dari lemur raksasa yang hidup ribuan tahun yang     lalu di Madagaskar dapat membantu menjelaskan mengapa  punah, dan apa yang membuat beberapa lemur lebih beresiko hari ini. ........bahwa manusia memainkan peranan dalam kematian lemur raksasa........ Dengan membandingkan spesies yang mati ........, ilmuwan berharap untuk lebih memprediksi lemur mana paling membutuhkan perlindungan di masa depan.

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DNA sheds light on why largest lemurs disappeared: Giant lemurs' demise linked to size, low numbers

Date:

December 16, 2014

Source:

Duke University

Summary:

DNA from giant lemurs that lived thousands of years ago in Madagascar may help explain why the animals went extinct, and what makes some lemurs more at risk today. Scientists have little doubt that humans played a role in the giant lemurs' demise. By comparing the species that died out to those that survived, scientists hope to better predict which lemurs are most in need of protection in the future.

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ancient DNA extracted from the bones and teeth of giant lemurs that lived thousands of years ago in Madagascar may help explain why the giant lemurs went extinct. It also explains what factors make some surviving species more at risk today, says a study in the Journal of Human Evolution.

Most scientists agree that humans played a role in the giant lemurs' demise by hunting them for food and forcing them out of habitats. But an analysis of their DNA suggests that the largest lemurs were more prone to extinction than smaller-bodied species because of their smaller population sizes, according to this team of American and Malagasy researchers.

By comparing the species that died out to those that survived, scientists hope to better predict which lemurs are most in need of protection in the future.

The African island of Madagascar has long been known as a treasure trove of unusual creatures. More than 80 percent of the island's plants and animals are found nowhere else. But not long ago, fossil evidence shows there were even more species on the island than there are today. Before humans arrived on the island some 2,000 years ago, Madagascar was home to 10-foot-tall elephant birds, pygmy hippos, monstrous tortoises, a horned crocodile, and at least 17 species of lemurs that are no longer living -- some of which tipped the scales at 350 pounds, as large as a male gorilla.

Using genetic material extracted from lemur bones and teeth dating back 550 to 5,600 years, an international team of researchers analyzed DNA from as many as 23 individuals from each of five extinct lemur species that died out after human arrival. They looked at a giant ruffed lemur, a baboon lemur, a koala lemur and two sloth lemurs -- all housed in the collections at the University of Antananarivo and the Duke Lemur Center at Duke University. The study also included genetic data from eight extant species, including the three largest lemur species still alive today.

The researchers found that the species that died out had lower genetic diversity than the ones that survived -- a hallmark of small population size.

The results aren't entirely surprising, said George Perry, a scientist from Penn State University who was part of the research team. "Larger-bodied species often need larger territories and are fewer in number than smaller-bodied species," he explained, so they would have been more susceptible to extinction as hunting, logging, farming and other human activities took their toll.

But the researchers hope that lessons learned from ancient DNA will be useful in protecting the species that remain.

More than 70 percent of the roughly 100 lemur species living today are now considered endangered or critically endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), making them the most threatened group of mammals on Earth, according to a paper published in 2014 in Science.

The team found no link between body size and genetic diversity in lemur species living today -- the largest of which tip the scales at about 15 pounds. So they think that body size is less useful for establishing conservation priorities.

For this study the researchers looked only at mitochondrial DNA, which represents only a small portion of the DNA in each animal's cells. Their next step is to try to sequence the DNA in the cell nucleus, where most of an organism's genetic material is located.

"Analyzing nuclear DNA will enhance our understanding of the actual population sizes of the lemurs before they succumbed to extinction, which will better allow us to develop genetic 'extinction alerts' for living lemurs," said study co-author Anne Yoder of Duke..

"We can also start to look at genes with known roles in traits like color vision and taste perception, to help expand our understanding of how these animals lived," Perry said.

The research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation. Additional support was provided by the Ahmanson Foundation, the Theodore F. and Claire M. Hubbard Family Foundation, Conservation International, the Primate Action Fund, the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation and the National Geographic Society.

"This publication will hopefully be a step towards unlocking the answers of why and how lemur diversity expanded across this large island and why so much of it has been lost," said co-author Edward Louis of Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium.

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Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Duke University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

---

Journal Reference:

1.    Logan Kistler, Aakrosh Ratan, Laurie R. Godfrey, Brooke E. Crowley, Cris E. Hughes, Runhua Lei, Yinqiu Cui, Mindy L. Wood, Kathleen M. Muldoon, Haingoson Andriamialison, John J. McGraw, Lynn P. Tomsho, Stephan C. Schuster, Webb Miller, Edward E. Louis, Anne D. Yoder, Ripan S. Malhi, George H. Perry.Comparative and population mitogenomic analyses of Madagascar's extinct, giant ‘subfossil’ lemurs. Journal of Human Evolution, 2014; DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.016

http://sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141216144115.htm

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