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Mengapa ular tidak bisa  menyeberang jalan , kehidupan rahasia bayi ular bayi dan pertanyaan lain

Para peneliti sedang melakukan beberapa studi  ilmiah pertama dari  neonatus ular pine snake  , melakukan operasi ular untuk pelacakan radio dan membantu ular bertahan menyeberang jalan melalui lalu lintas pantai New Jersey yang  sibuk ....read more

Why can't the snakes cross the road,
secret lives of baby snakes and other questions

Date:

August 2, 2013

Source:

Drexel University

Summary:

Researchers are conducting some of the first ever scientific studies of
neonate pine snakes, performing snake surgery for radio tracking and helping
snakes survive road crossings through the busy New Jersey shore traffic.

.........................

Why can't the pine snakes cross the road? Hint: New Jersey traffic might
have something to do with it.

Drexel students will bring to light these and other findings about the
plight, perils and peculiarities of the Northern Pine Snake in several
presentations and posters at the Ecological Society of America annual meeting
next week (ESA 2013), based on their research with Dr. Walt Bien's Laboratory
of Pinelands Research in the New Jersey Pinelands.

Northern pine snakes are charismatic ambassadors for the Pinelands National
Reserve, an ecologically important region -designated as a U.S. Biosphere
Reserve by UNESCO and as the first National Reserve in the United States. The
pine snakes are large, nonvenomous, docile and beautiful (at least to the
non-phobic).

The population in New Jersey is threatened, and the next-nearest population
of northern pine snakes is in North Carolina. Protecting these snakes from the
human-generated perils in the most densely populated U.S. state can go a long
way toward protecting the entire ecosystem they are a part of.

Here is a closer look at some of the Drexel team's research:

Snake surgery is a special skill for conservation

Dane Ward has a rare talent for a graduate student in conservation biology:
He is an adept snake surgeon. Many animals are studied using radio telemetry by
attaching a radio transmitter to the outside of the body. Radio telemetry is
useful for tracking pine snakes because their movements are hard to see through
simple observation. But placing a transmitter on the surface of a pine snake's
skin would interfere with the animal's slithering movements and feeding via
constriction. So Ward has learned to surgically implant the transmitters in
snakes instead, through a tiny one-inch incision.

The team has radio-tracked more than two dozen adult pine snakes in recent
field seasons. The data have helped them learn more about the snakes' spatial
range and behavior and develop population models they hope will be useful for
conserving the locally threatened population of pine snakes.

Ever feel lethargic on a hot day? It's worse for snakes.

Radio tracking pine snakes gave Ward and Drexel undergraduate Catherine
(Katie) D'Amelio an opportunity to take an unusual approach to studying climate
change. Because snakes are cold-blooded, and New Jersey is the northern limit
of the pine snake's range, they reasoned that shifts in weather and climate
could have an impact on their behavior.

D'Amelio looked at the data from snakes that had been tracked over three
seasons, and compared their activity levels with the air and soil-surface
temperatures the snakes encountered. At the highest temperatures, snakes'
activity levels dropped off.

Comparing the snakes' most active temperature range with predictions of
shifts due to climate change, the team pointed out that the timing of seasonal
activities may shift in the future -- which could impact their interactions
with other species. And they note that freezing to death could be a danger if
early-spring warming periods, followed by cold snaps, become common --
something they observed in the spring of 2012.

D'Amelio won a top award at the Mid-Atlantic regional ESA meeting earlier
this year for the poster on this work -- earning her a trip to present it at
ESA 2013 in Minneapolis.

Baby snake mazes and counting tiny tongue flicks

Nesting and early life for a newborn, or neonate, pine snake, are life
phases that scientists know the least about. But graduate student Kevin P.W.
Smith is deeply involved with changing that. He'll give an oral presentation
Tuesday at ESA about some of the first work ever done to study the behavior of
neonate pine snakes.

Because neonate pine snakes are tiny and hard to see, once again, snake
surgery is required (and the surgical photo above is of Ward implanting a
neonate with a radio transmitter).

To find neonates in the first place, the team tracks adult female snakes to
their nesting sites and marks the spot with GPS. In the Pinelands, female pine
snakes dig out their own burrows over the course of several days, using a
specialized scale on their noses to scoop out sand -- so it's not too hard for
a careful observer to catch some females in the act of digging prior to laying
eggs. Two months later, the newborn snakes emerge from the marked burrows into
small fenced-in areas rigged by the researchers to capture them.

The team implanted eight neonate pine snakes with transmitters last season
and they hope to have 10 implanted in 2013. (The snakes begin to emerge in
September.)

Smith has been able to make important observations about the neonate
snakes' natural behavior. For example, he learned that young pine snakes begin
feeding on adult mammals -- small ones, such as mice -- within the first two
months of life and they shed their skin multiple times within their first
season.

He has also been working with neonate pine snakes in a variety of
behavioral experiments, including simple maze tests to track migration and
dispersal responses to different snakes' scents. In another experiment, he
counts the neonates' tongue flicks to gauge their interest in the scents of
various potential prey items.

Why can't snakes cross the road?

No joke: Pine snakes in New Jersey tend to get flattened on roads, and
scientists speculate that summer shore traffic could be a big contributor to
snake mortality. (Some motorists tend to think of the Pinelands not as a rare
and special natural environment for plants and wildlife, but as the woods on
the way to the Jersey shore.) Just how often and why, and what that means for
their populations' survival, is the subject of intense research.

Two Drexel undergraduates who joined Bien's lab in their freshman year last
year, Jacquelyn Garcia and Rafaella Marano, are working with Ward and other
members of the team to address this question, and will present a poster about
their road-crossing studies at ESA.

They found that crossing a two-lane highway takes pine snakes about two minutes.
When they cross-referenced that time against New Jersey traffic data for the
roads crossing their study area, they found that snakes were virtually
guaranteed to encounter several cars during any road crossing -- anywhere from
3-4 cars crossing the least-used road, to more than 30 cars per two-minutes on
New Jersey's Route 72 during the busy summer season.

They also studied the effects of the type of road surface on snakes'
movement and found that snakes move faster on sand than on asphalt and concrete.

Snake deaths on roads aren't just a gruesome accident -- they can be a real
problem for the population dispersal and survival. Roads dividing the snakes'
habitat can effectively fragment the population by preventing interbreeding
with snakes on the other side.

(And sometimes snake deaths aren't an accident: Some motorists target
wildlife such as snakes and turtles to run them over on purpose.)

Some of the team's ongoing work uses biological samples from the roadkill
snakes they find, to determine if roads are causing noticeable genetic
differences in the population.

They're continuing to investigate whether culverts under the roads can
provide safe crossings and will also test whether changing the surface texture
of the road can help snakes cross more rapidly.

How bombs save snakes (and pines and flowers and grasses)

All of this snake research and much more is possible because Bien, a
professor in Drexel's Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental
Science, and his students, have been welcomed to work in environmental
protection on the U.S. Air Force's Warren Grove Gunnery Range. The government
is required under federal law to protect this property -- and the Drexel
researchers have helped them do just that, via a partnership with the Air Force
and New Jersey Air National Guard lasting more than a decade.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by Drexel University. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130802132209.htm

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