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Para ilmuwan bersiap untuk mengatasi  penyakit jamur ular yang  mematikan

Menguji lebih cepat dan lebih akurat c infeksi  Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola , jamur yang membunuh ular di Midwest dan timur Amerika Serikat , telah dirancang oleh para peneliti . Tes ini juga memungkinkan para ilmuwan untuk memantau perkembangan infeksi pada ular . Para peneliti pertama mengetahui  Ophidiomyces di ular di pertengahan 2000-an . sekarang jamur mengancam populasi ular eastern massasauga rattle snake  di Illinois dan telah ditemukan  menginfeksi ular timber rattlesnake  , ular mud snake  , rat snake  , garter snake  , milk snake  , water snake  dan ular racers  di beberapa negara bagian ....read more

Scientists gear up to fight deadly snake
fungal disease

Date:

July 15, 2014

Source:

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Summary:

A faster and more accurate way to test for infection with Ophidiomyces
ophiodiicola, a fungus that is killing snakes in the Midwest and eastern United
States, has been devised by researchers. The test also allows scientists to
monitor the progression of the infection in living snakes. Researchers first
took notice of Ophidiomyces in snakes in the mid-2000s. Today the fungus
threatens the last remaining eastern massasauga rattlesnake population in
Illinois and has been found to infect timber rattlesnakes, mud snakes, rat
snakes, garter snakes, milk snakes, water snakes and racers in several states.

...............................

Researchers have developed a faster and more accurate way to test for
infection withOphidiomyces ophiodiicola, a fungus that is
killing snakes in the Midwest and eastern United States. The test also allows
scientists to monitor the progression of the infection in living snakes.

The researchers reported on the test at the 2014 Mycological Society of
America Annual Meeting.

"We need people to know that they don't have to anesthetize an animal
to collect a biopsy sample or, worse yet, euthanize snakes in order to test for
the infection," said University of Illinois comparative biosciences
department professor Matthew Allender, an expert in snake fungal disease.
"Now we can identify the infections earlier, we can intervene earlier and
we can potentially increase our success of treatment or therapy."

The new test uses quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), which
amplifies fungal DNA to identify the species present and measure the extent of
infection.

Researchers first took notice of Ophidiomyces (oh-FID-ee-oh-my-sees)
in snakes in the mid-2000s. Today the fungus threatens the last remaining
eastern massasauga (mass-uh-SAW-guh) rattlesnake population in Illinois and has
been found to infect timber rattlesnakes, mud snakes, rat snakes, garter
snakes, milk snakes, water snakes and racers in several states, Allender said.

"I've tested snakes from Illinois, Tennessee and Michigan, and we've
tested samples from snakes in New Jersey, Georgia and Virginia," Allender
said. Snakes in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York,
Ohio and Wisconsin have also tested positive for the fungus. (Watch a movie
about the research)

Ophidiomyces consumes keratin, a key ingredient in snake scales. It can cause
scabs, nodules, abnormal molting, ulcers and other disfiguring changes to snake
skin. Mortality is 100 percent in Illinois massasauga rattlesnakes found with
outward signs of infection, Allender said. There are only 100 to 150
massasaugas left in Illinois, he said, and about 15 percent of those are infected
with the disease.

Allender also is an affiliate of the Illinois Natural History Survey, part
of the Prairie Research Institute at the U. of I. He and his INHS colleague,
mycologist Andrew Miller, liken this emerging fungal disease in snakes to white-nose
syndrome, another fungal disease that has killed millions of North American
bats. Miller and graduate student Daniel Raudabaugh recently published an
analysis of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungus implicated in
white-nosed syndrome, and are repeating the analysis on Ophidiomyces.

"The fungus killing these snakes is remarkably similar in its basic
biology to the fungus that has killed over 6 million bats," Miller said.
"It occurs in the soil, seems to grow on a wide variety of substances, and
possesses many of the same enzymes that make the bat fungus so deadly."

Other colleagues at the INHS, herpetologists Michael Dreslik and Chris
Phillips, have been studying eastern massasauga rattlesnakes in the wild for 15
years, and are working closely with Allender to characterize both biological
and health factors that lead to infection. The new qPCR test is integral to
this mission, Allender said. It also will help the team develop new therapies
to treat infections in snakes.

"This work is truly collaborative across disciplines, allowing the
team to make advances in studying this disease that haven't been accomplished
anywhere else," Allender said.

"Our qPCR is more than 1,000 times more sensitive than conventional
PCR," Allender said. "We can know how many [fungal spores] are in a
swab and then we can start to treat the snake and we can watch to see if that
number is going down."

The researchers also are hoping to find new disinfectants that will kill
the fungus so that researchers who are studying snakes in the wild will not
spread it to new locales on their equipment or shoes.

"Some of our preliminary studies show that the common disinfectants
that we use are not effective," Allender said. "This fungus overcomes
it."







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The original article
was written by Diana Yates. Note: Materials may be edited for content
and length.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140715142747.htm

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