Ular yang Licin dan ramping mengalahkan kadal pendek dan gemuk berenang di pasir --T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

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Ular yang Licin dan ramping  mengalahkan kadal pendek dan gemuk berenang di pasir 

Untuk berenang melalui pasir , ular licin dan ramping dapat melakukannya  lebih baik daripada kadal pendek dan gemuk . Itu salah satu kesimpulan dari studi tentang pola pergerakan  ular shovel nosed snake  , yang berasal dari Gurun Mojave dari Southwest Amerika Serikat .....read more

Slick and slender snake beats short and
stubby lizard in sand swimming

Date:

January 12, 2015

Source:

Georgia Institute of Technology

Summary:

For swimming through sand, a slick and slender snake can perform better
than a short and stubby lizard. That's one conclusion from a study of the
movement patterns of the shovel-nosed snake, a native of the Mojave Desert of
the Southwest United States.

...................

For swimming through sand, a slick and slender snake can perform better
than a short and stubby lizard.

That's one conclusion from a study of the movement patterns of the
shovel-nosed snake, a native of the Mojave Desert of the southwest United
States. The research shows how the snake uses its slender shape to move
smoothly through the sand, and how its slippery skin reduces friction -- both
providing locomotive advantages over another sand-swimmer: the sandfish lizard
native to the Sahara Desert of northern Africa.

The study provides information that could help explain how evolutionary
pressures have affected body shape among sand-dwelling animals. And the work
could also be useful in designing search and rescue robots able to move through
sand and other granular materials.

Using X-ray technology to watch each creature as it moved through a bed of
sand, researchers studied the waves propagating down the bodies of both the
snakes and sandfish lizards. Granular resistive force theory, which considers
the thrust provided by the body waves and the drag on the animals' bodies,
helped model the locomotion and compare the energy efficiency of the limbless
snake against that of the four-legged lizard -- which doesn't use its legs to
swim through the sand.

"We were curious about how this snake moved, and once we observed its
movement, how it moved so well in the sand," said Dan Goldman, an
associate professor in the School of Physics at the Georgia Institute of
Technology. "Our model reveals how both the snake and the sandfish move as
fast as their body shapes permit while using the least amount of energy. We
found that the snake's elongated shape allowed it to beat the sandfish in both
speed and energy efficiency."

Information about the factors enabling the snake to move quickly and
efficiently could help the designers of future robotic systems. "Knowing
how the snake moves could be useful, for instance, in helping robots go farther
on a given amount of battery power," Goldman said.

Supported by the National Science Foundation and the Army Research Office,
the research was published online December 18, 2014, in the Journal of
Experimental Biology. The study is believed to be the first kinematic
investigation of subsurface locomotion in the long and slender shovel-nosed
snake,Chionactis occipitalis.

Measurements made by former Ph.D. student Sarah Sharpe revealed that the
snake propagates traveling waves down its body, from head to tail, creating a
body curvature and a number of waves along its body that enhance its movement
through the sand. As a consequence of the kinematics, the snake's body travels
mostly in the same "tube" through the sand that is created by the
movement of its wedge-shaped head and body.

Because the snake essentially follows its own tracks through the sand, the
amount of slip generated by its motion is small, allowing it to move through
the sand using less energy than the sandfish (Scincus scincus), whose
movement pattern generated a larger fluidized region of sand around its body.

Overall, the research showed that each animal had optimized its ability to
swim through the sand using its specific body plan.

"For each body wave the snake generates, it moves farther than the
sandfish does within a single wave of motion of its body," Goldman noted.
"Having a long and slender body allows the snake to bend its body with
greater amplitude while generating more waves on its body, making it a more
efficient sand swimmer."

The snake's skin is also more slippery than that of the sandfish, further
reducing the amount of energy required to move through the sand.

Scientists had suspected that long and slender animals would have a
sand-swimming advantage over creatures with different body shapes. The research
showed that the advantage results from a high length-to-width ratio that allows
the formation of more waves.

"If you have the right body shape and slick skin, you can get a very
low cost of transport," explained Goldman.

To study the snakes as they moved through sand, Sharpe -- from Georgia
Tech's Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Program -- and undergraduate Robyn
Kuckuk, from the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at
Georgia Tech and Emory University, glued tiny lead markers onto the scales of
the snakes. The markers, which fall off when the snakes shed their skin,
allowed the researchers to obtain X-ray images of the snakes moving beneath the
surface of the sand. Sharpe, now a biomechanical engineer with a research and
consulting firm in Phoenix, created detailed videos showing how the snakes
moved.

Associate professor Patricio Vela and graduate student Miguel Serrano, both
from Georgia Tech's School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, developed
software algorithms that allowed detailed analysis of the wave-forms seen on
the X-ray movies as a function of time.

Stephen Koehler, a research associate in applied physics at Harvard University,
applied resistive force theory to obtain data on the snakes' movement and
energy efficiency. Animals swimming in sand can only move if the thrust
provided by their bodies exceeds the drag created. The theory predicted that
the snakes' skin would have about half as much friction as that of the
sandfish, and that prediction was verified experimentally.

Joe Mendelson, director of research at Zoo Atlanta, assisted the research
team in obtaining and managing the snakes.

Understanding how animals move through granular materials like sand could
help the designers of robotic systems better understand how to optimize the use
of energy, which can be a significant limiting factor in robotics.

"This research is really about how body shape and form affect movement
efficiency, and how we can go between experiment and theory to improve our
understanding of these issues," said Goldman. "What we are learning
could help search and rescue robots maneuver in complex terrain and avoid
obstacles."

Beyond the robotics concerns, the work can help scientists understand
biological issues, such as how the body plans of desert-dwelling lizards and
snakes converge to optimize their ability to move through their environment.

"These granular swimming systems turn out to be quite useful for
understanding fundamental questions about evolutionary biology, biomechanics
and energetics because they are simple to analyze and they can describe a good
number of systems," Goldman added.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfzWraq_rWE







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by Georgia Institute of Technology. The original article
was written by John Toon. Note: Materials may be edited for content and
length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Sarah Sharpe, et al. Locomotor benefits of being a slender and
slick sand swimmer. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.108357







http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150112181346.htm

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