Bagaimana finch merubah lagu nya--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

SILAHKAN MENGGUNAKAN " MESIN TRANSLATE "..GOOGLE TRANSLATE
DISAMPING KANAN INI.............

PLEASE USE ........ "TRANSLATE MACHINE" .. GOOGLE TRANSLATE BESIDE RIGHT THIS

.................


T-REC -TUGUMUDA REPTILES COMMUNITY-INDONESIA


More info :
www.trecsemarang2011.blogspot.com
minat gabung : ( menerima keanggotaan seluruh kota dan daerah di Indonesia )
08995557626
..................................
KSE – KOMUNITAS SATWA EKSOTIK – EXOTIC PETS COMMUNITY-- INDONESIA
Visit Our Community and Joint W/ Us....Welcome All Over The World
www.facebook.com/groups/komunitassatwaeksotik/
 KSE = KOMUNITAS SATWA EKSOTIK

MENGATASI KENDALA MINAT DAN JARAK

KAMI ADA DI TIAP KOTA DI INDONESIA
DETAIL TENTANG KSE-----KLIK : www.komunitassatwaeksotik-pendaftaran.blogspot.com

GABUNG......... ( menerima keanggotaan seluruh kota dan daerah di Indonesia )
HUBUNGI   :  089617123865-08995557626

.........................

Bagaimana finch merubah  lagu nya

Date:

August 3, 2015

Source:

University of California - San Francisco

Summary:

Mekanisme neurologis telah ditemukan yang bisa menjelaskan bagaimana songbirds' neural creativity-generator  memungkinkan mereka memperbaiki dan mengubah lagu-lagu mereka  .

............ Sekarang , para peneliti di UC San Francisco telah menemukan mekanisme neurologis yang bisa menjelaskan bagaimana songbirds' neural creativity-generator  memungkinkan mereka memperbaiki dan mengubah lagu-lagu mereka . Temuan ini bisa membantu menjelaskan bagaimana otak manusia belajar keterampilan motorik yang kompleks - dari bermain oboe hingga  mengendarai mobil - dan mungkin memiliki implikasi jangka panjang untuk mengobati kondisi neurologis mulai dari penyakit Parkinson hingga gangguan obsesif ....more

How the finch
changes its tune

Researchers discover mechanism for learning in adult songbirds

Date:

August 3, 2015

Source:

University of California - San Francisco

Summary:

A neurological mechanism has been discovered that could explain how
songbirds' neural creativity-generator lets them refine and alter their songs
as adults.

................

Like top musicians, songbirds train from a young age to weed out errors and
trim variability from their songs, ultimately becoming consistent and reliable
performers. But as with human musicians, even the best are not machines. To
learn and improve, the songbird brain needs to shake up its tried-and-true
patterns with a healthy dose of creative experimentation. Until now, no one has
found a specific mechanism by which this could occur.

Now, researchers at UC San Francisco have discovered a neurological
mechanism that could explain how songbirds' neural creativity-generator lets
them refine and alter their songs as adults. The finding could help explain how
the human brain learns complex motor skills - from playing the oboe to driving
a car - and may have long-term implications for treating neurological
conditions ranging from Parkinson's disease to obsessive disorders.

To learn its song, a bird uses a specialized portion of its brain
equivalent to the human basal ganglia, a collection of neural structures
nestled in the base of the brain.

"This is an incredibly well conserved circuit - from lampreys to us -
which in humans is connected to everything from movement to mood," said
lead author Hamish Mehaffey, PhD, a post-doctoral researcher in the lab of the
late Allison Doupe, MD, PhD, a beloved professor of psychiatry and psychology
at UCSF who passed away in October 2014.

In her 20 years at UCSF, Doupe established the birdsong system as a model
for the basal ganglia's role in human language, fine motor learning and
psychiatric disease, said Michael Brainard, PhD, a UCSF professor of physiology
who was both Doupe's husband and a frequent collaborator.

"Her recent work had shown that precise patterns of activity arising
from the basal ganglia were important for brain plasticity and learning, but we
didn't understand what aspects of that patterning were important,"
Brainard said. "The current results demonstrate a mechanism that could
explain why these activity patterns matter and reveal the 'rules' that let them
alter brain connectivity. This is a key advance."

Young male zebra finches spend their lives perfecting their boisterous
mating song, which sounds a bit like a droid from Star Wars. Young birds learn
by trial and error to produce an accurate cover of their father's mating song,
but as adults they are not above tweaking a phrase or two in their efforts to
impress potential mates, or as needed to adjust their technique for growth, age
or injury.

Doupe's previous research revealed that the avian equivalent of the human
basal ganglia plays a crucial role in the creative experimentation required for
song learning. When researchers block the output of the basal ganglia, young
birds never develop a mature song, and adults lose the ability to adjust and
maintain their song based on experience.

Doupe's work also found that the creativity engine of the basal ganglia is
more active when birds practice their songs alone, injecting variability into
the song motor circuit to let the birds try out new notes and modified motifs.
But when a pretty female shows up, the researchers found, the creativity
circuit shuts down to let the bird reliably produce the best, most
tried-and-true version of its song. The basal ganglia also are needed to lock
in any change to a new part of the song that the bird is practicing.

Researchers trying to understand how the basal ganglia's instructive
signals enable trial-and-error learning have been perplexed by their
unpredictable timing. Unlike the brain region that acts as a conductor for the
bird's song, which issues bursts of activity precisely timed to initiate
specific notes and motifs, the timing of the basal ganglia's signals, when they
chime in at all, is off-beat and hard to predict.

"On the one hand, if there's no variability, there's no
trial-and-error learning," said Mehaffey. "If the bird can't explore,
it will never find a better version of its song. On the other hand, this
variability has confused a lot of us, because if the bird needs to modify a
specific note's pitch, the signal needs to be very precisely timed."

The new paper, which appeared online August 3, 2015 in the journal Nature
Neuroscience, is the first to examine in detail the synapse-level learning
rules that could allow the basal ganglia's variable signals to modify the motor
plan controlling the bird's song.

Using brain slices containing the region where inputs from the basal
ganglia and the song motor pathway converge to control the bird's song
performance, Mehaffey electrically stimulated the two pathways to show that the
relative timing of their signals - one for "creativity" and the other
encoding the established song - can lead to synaptic changes that either put
the basal ganglia temporarily in the driver's seat or hand the reins back to
the learned motor plan.

Further research in live animals suggested that the same synaptic learning
mechanism may be necessary for adult birds to modify their songs based on
experience. The scientists exposed birds to an irritating burst of static tied
to the pitch of a specific note in their songs. Typically, birds quickly learn
to modify this note to avoid the burst of noise, but when the researchers gave
the birds a drug that specifically blocks the timing-dependent plasticity
mechanism in brain slices, the birds lost the ability to alter their song.

Mehaffey credits Doupe's thorough knowledge of songbird behavior and
neurology with the success of the experiments, which depended on using electrical
stimulation patterns that mimicked the naturalistic patterns of activity
observed in the bird brain during song.

"She deeply understood this system and encouraged her students and
post-docs to pursue every imaginable method to examine what she thought was an
important question," Mehaffey said. "She was fearless in that
regard."

Mehaffey and others in the Doupe lab are now working to learn how specific
changes to the song are represented at the synaptic level and how a bird
integrates these changes into its standard song. Understanding these questions
has the potential to teach researchers how the basal ganglia and cortex
interact in humans to produce fine motor learning, and how it malfunctions in
disease. First-generation drugs for basal ganglia disorders have mainly
involved shutting the whole thing down, Mehaffey said.

"When it's malfunctioning, you're better off without it, and that goes
for birds and humans," he said. "But it would be nice to get to a
point where we understand the system enough to start being able to actually go
in and fix what's broken."







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided byUniversity
of California - San Francisco. The original item was written by
Nicholas Weiler. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
W Hamish Mehaffey, Allison J Doupe. Naturalistic stimulation drives
opposing heterosynaptic plasticity at two inputs to songbird cortex. Nature
Neuroscience, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/nn.4078

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150803155354.htm

Share this: