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Bulu Gelap  membantu burung bertahan hidup di pulau-pulau kecil

Date:

July 22, 2015

Source:

Central Ornithology Publication Office

Summary:

Populasi hewan di pulau-pulau cenderung untuk mengembangkan sifat-sifat aneh dari waktu ke waktu , menjadi besar atau kecil atau kehilangan kemampuan untuk terbang . Satu yang kurang dipelajari pola evolusi di pulau-pulau adalah kecenderungan populasi hewan untuk mengembangkan ' Melanisme ' ( warna gelap ) , dan peneliti sekarang telah mengkonfirmasikan bahwa populasi burung di pulau-pulau kecil termasuk individu yang lebih gelap , untuk alasan yang mengejutkan : burung melanic lebih agresif , membuat mereka pesaing lebih baik ketika ruang terbatas .

........... Karena pola diulang di pulau setelah pulau , sangat tidak mungkin telah dikembangkan melalui kesempatan acak ; sebaliknya, warna gelap harus memberikan semacam manfaat bagi burung di pulau-pulau kecil . Studi pada mamalia dan ikan telah menemukan hubungan genetik antara melanism dan perilaku agresif , dan Uy dan Vargas - Castro berspekulasi bahwa ruang terbatas yang tersedia di pulau-pulau kecil membuat persaingan untuk wilayah yang lebih intens berkembang biak , memberikan keuntungan kepada individu yang paling agresif . Percobaan sebelumnya dengan subspesies Monarcha castaneiventris lainnya menggunakan burung taxidermied dan lagu yang direkam menunjukkan bahwa burung melanic bereaksi lebih agresif daripada rekan-rekan chestnut - bellied mereka ketika mereka melihat ancaman terhadap wilayah mereka ....more

Dark plumage
helps birds survive on small islands

Date:

July 22, 2015

Source:

Central Ornithology Publication Office

Summary:

Animal populations on islands tend to develop weird traits over time,
becoming big or small or losing the ability to fly. One less-studied pattern of
evolution on islands is the tendency for animal populations to develop
'melanism' (dark coloration), and researchers have now confirmed that bird
populations on smaller islands include more dark individuals, for a surprising
reason: melanic birds are more aggressive, making them better competitors when
space is limited.

.............

Animal populations on islands tend to develop weird traits over time,
becoming big (like Galapagos tortoises) or small (like extinct dwarf elephants)
or losing the ability to fly (like the flightless parrots of New Zealand). One
less-studied pattern of evolution on islands is the tendency for animal
populations to develop "melanism"--that is, dark or black coloration.
J. Albert Uy and Luis Vargas-Castro of the University of Miami found an ideal
species to study this phenomenon in the Chestnut-bellied Monarch (Monarcha castaneiventris), a bird found in the Solomon Islands.
Most have the chestnut belly suggested by their name, but in the subspecies
found in the Russell Islands, a few all-black birds coexist with the
chestnut-bellied majority. After visiting 13 islands of varying sizes to survey
their Chestnut-bellied Monarch populations, Uy and Vargas-Castro confirm in a
new paper published in The Auk: Ornithological
Advances that island size predicts the frequency of melanic birds, with populations
on smaller islands including more dark individuals.

Because the pattern is repeated on island after island, it is very unlikely
to have developed through random chance; instead, dark coloration must provide
some sort of benefit to birds on small islands. Studies in mammals and fish
have found a genetic link between melanism and aggressive behavior, and Uy and
Vargas-Castro speculate that the limited space available on smaller islands
makes competition for breeding territories more intense, giving an advantage to
the most aggressive individuals. Previous experiments with other Monarcha
castaneiventris subspecies using taxidermied birds and recorded songs have
shown that melanic birds react more aggressively than their chestnut-bellied
counterparts when they perceive a threat to their territory.

Uy had been fascinated by Chestnut-bellied Monarchs ever since reading a
description of their plumage variations in Ernst Mayr's seminal book on
speciation, Systematics and the Origin of Species from a Viewpoint of a
Zoologist, when he was a graduate student. "I was hooked and longed to
work on the group," he says. "I thought this would be the perfect
species to explore these questions about the ecology of plumage diversification
and the origin of species, as the variable populations of the chestnut-bellied
flycatcher may be at different stages of the speciation process. It took me
over a decade to finally manage to get to the Solomons, and I've been working
on these flycatchers now for nearly 10 years."

"Patterns of biodiversity on islands have always been important for
understanding fundamental principals in ecology and evolution. Using the same
archipelago that enchanted Ernst Mayr decades ago, Uy and Vargas-Castro reveal
fascinating patterns of melanism and island size," adds Rebecca Safran of
the University of Colorado, an expert on divergence between bird populations
who was not involved in the study. "These patterns add to the fundamental
importance of islands as natural experiments for studies in biodiversity."







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided
by Central Ornithology Publication Office. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
J. Albert C. Uy, Luis E. Vargas-Castro. Island size predicts the frequency
of melanic birds in the color-polymorphic flycatcherMonarcha castaneiventrisof
the Solomon Islands. The Auk, 2015; 132 (4): 787 DOI:10.1642/AUK-14-284.1

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722164229.htm







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