Primata telah terinfeksi virus terkait HIV selama 16 juta tahun--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

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Primata telah terinfeksi virus terkait HIV selama 16 juta tahun

Date:

August 20, 2015

Source:

PLOS

Summary:

Penyakit-disebabkan Virus melibatkan  host mereka  : seleksi positif untuk gen antivirus yang meningkatkan kebugaran host dan kelangsungan hidup , dan virus pada gilirannya pilih untuk mutasi yang menangkal faktor tuan rumah antivirus . Mempelajari mutasi adaptif tersebut dapat memberikan wawasan ke dalam sejarah yang  jauh tentang  interaksi inang - virus . Sebuah studi baru dari urutan gen antivirus di monyet Afrika menunjukkan bahwa lentivirus terkait erat dengan HIV telah menginfeksi primata di Afrika sejauh 16 juta tahun .

............... Tertarik dalam sejarah lentivirus - kelompok retrovirus yang HIV dan simian ( monyet ) kerabatnya , SIVs  - Welkin Johnson , dari Boston College, Amerika Serikat, dan rekan difokuskan pada gen antivirus yang disebut TRIM5..........more

Primates have been infected with viruses related to
HIV for 16 million years

Date:

August 20, 2015

Source:

PLOS

Summary:

Disease-causing viruses engage their
hosts in ongoing arms races: positive selection for antiviral genes increases
host fitness and survival, and viruses in turn select for mutations that
counteract the antiviral host factors. Studying such adaptive mutations can
provide insights into the distant history of host-virus interactions. A new
study of antiviral gene sequences in African monkeys suggests that lentiviruses
closely related to HIV have infected primates in Africa as far back as 16
million years.

........................

Disease-causing viruses engage their
hosts in ongoing arms races: positive selection for antiviral genes increases
host fitness and survival, and viruses in turn select for mutations that
counteract the antiviral host factors. Studying such adaptive mutations can
provide insights into the distant history of host-virus interactions. A study
published on August 20th in PLOS
Pathogens of antiviral gene sequences in African
monkeys suggests that lentiviruses closely related to HIV have infected
primates in Africa as far back as 16 million years.

Interested in the history of
lentiviruses--the group of retroviruses to which HIV and its simian (monkey)
relatives, the SIVs belong--Welkin Johnson, from Boston College, USA, and
colleagues focused on an antiviral gene called TRIM5. TRIM5 is part of a group
of antiviral genes called "restriction factors," which have evolved
to protect host cells from infection by viruses. Its product, the TRIM5
protein, interacts directly with the outer shell of lentivirus particles after
they enter the host cells and prevents the virus from multiplying there. (The
human version of TRIM5 does not interfere with--and therefore not protect
against--HIV, but many monkeys have TRIM5 variants that do render HIV harmless
and are therefore immune to HIV/AIDS.)

Because of its unique specificity for
retroviruses (whereas other restriction factors often have broader antiviral
activity), the researchers hypothesized that the evolution of TRIM5 in African
monkeys should reveal selection by lentiviruses closely related to modern SIVs.
To derive an evolutionary tree of the TRIM5 gene, they analyzed and compared
its complete protein-coding DNA sequences from 22 African primate species. They
identified a cluster of adaptive changes unique to the TRIM5 proteins of a
subset of African monkeys--the Cercopithecinae, which include macaques,
mangabeys, and baboons--that suggests that ancestral lentiviruses closely
related to modern SIVs began colonizing primates in Africa as far back as 11-16
million years ago.

The scientists also generated a panel of
(reconstructed) ancestral and existing TRIM5 genes (19 total), expressed them
in cultured cell lines, and exposed the cells to 16 different retroviruses
(lentiviruses and others) to see which TRIM5 versions conferred resistance to
which viruses. These experiments confirmed that the observed cluster of
adaptations resulted in resistance specifically to cercopithecine lentiviruses,
but had no effect on restriction of other retroviruses, including lentiviruses
of other, non-cercopithecine primates.

The researchers conclude "The
correlation between lineage specific adaptations and ability to restrict
viruses endemic to the same hosts supports the hypothesis that lentiviruses
closely related to modern SIVs were present in Africa and infecting the
ancestors of cercopithecine primates as far back as 16 million years ago, and provides
insight into the evolution of TRIM5 specificity."







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from
materials provided by PLOS.Note: Materials may be edited for content and
length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Kevin R. McCarthy, Andrea Kirmaier,
Patrick Autissier, Welkin E. Johnson. Evolutionary and Functional
Analysis of Old World Primate TRIM5 Reveals the Ancient Emergence of Primate
Lentiviruses and Convergent Evolution Targeting a Conserved Capsid Interface. PLOS
Pathogens, 2015; 11 (8): e1005085 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005085

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150820144714.htm

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